| 6–9 years old | 10–12 years old |  | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Consumers | Non-Consumers | Â | Â | Consumers | Non-Consumers | Â | Â | Consumers | Non-Consumers | Â | Â |
 | n (%) | n (%) | χ 2 | p-valuea | n (%) | n (%) | χ 2 | p-valuea | n (%) | n (%) | χ 2 | p-valuea |
Overall | 899 (74.1) | 315 (25.9) | Â | Â | 619 (72.7) | 232 (27.3) | Â | Â | 1518 (73.5) | 547 (26.5) | Â | Â |
Regions | Â | Â | 38.54 | <0.001 | Â | Â | 11.26 | 0.024 | Â | Â | 45.64 | <0.001 |
 Central | 142 (67.6) | 68 (32.4) |  |  | 112 (71.3) | 45 (28.7) |  |  | 254 (69.2) | 113 (30.8) |  |  |
 Southern | 174 (81.3) | 40 (18.7) |  |  | 113 (77.4) | 33 (22.6) |  |  | 287 (79.7) | 73 (20.3) |  |  |
 Northern | 222 (65.1) | 119 (34.9) |  |  | 144 (64.9) | 78 (35.1) |  |  | 366 (65.0) | 197 (35.0) |  |  |
 East Coast | 198 (84.6) | 36 (15.4) |  |  | 119 (76.8) | 36 (23.2) |  |  | 317 (81.5) | 72 (18.5) |  |  |
 East Malaysia | 163 (75.8) | 52 (24.2) |  |  | 131 (76.6) | 40 (23.4) |  |  | 294 (76.2) | 92 (23.8) |  |  |
Area | Â | Â | 0.05 | 0.821 | Â | Â | 0.14 | 0.707 | Â | Â | 0.01 | 0.928 |
 Urban | 616 (73.9) | 218 (26.1) |  |  | 414 (73.1) | 152 (26.9) |  |  | 1030 (73.6) | 370 (26.4) |  |  |
 Rural | 283 (74.5) | 97 (25.5) |  |  | 205 (71.9) | 80 (28.1) |  |  | 488 (73.4) | 177 (26.6) |  |  |
Gender | Â | Â | 5.58 | 0.018 | Â | Â | 0.21 | 0.643 | Â | Â | 4.41 | 0.036 |
 Boys | 391 (77.6) | 113 (22.4) |  |  | 259 (73.6) | 93 (26.4) |  |  | 650 (75.9) | 206 (24.1) |  |  |
 Girls | 508 (71.5) | 202 (28.5) |  |  | 360 (72.1) | 139 (27.9) |  |  | 868 (71.8) | 341 (28.2) |  |  |
Ethnic groups | Â | Â | 19.21 | 0.001 | Â | Â | 5.21 | 0.267 | Â | Â | 13.74 | 0.008 |
 Malay | 640 (75.2) | 211 (24.8) |  |  | 393 (70.8) | 162 (29.2) |  |  | 1033 (73.5) | 373 (26.5) |  |  |
 Chinese | 96 (63.6) | 55 (36.4) |  |  | 88 (76.5) | 27 (23.5) |  |  | 184 (69.2) | 82 (30.8) |  |  |
 Indian | 58 (76.3) | 18 (23.7) |  |  | 46 (79.3) | 12 (20.7) |  |  | 104 (77.6) | 30 (22.4) |  |  |
 Indigenous people (East Malaysia) | 103 (79.8) | 26 (20.2) |  |  | 87 (76.3) | 27 (23.7) |  |  | 190 (78.2) | 53 (21.8) |  |  |
 Others | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) |  |  | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) |  |  | 7 (43.8) | 9 (56.2) |  |  |
Income groups (RM) | Â | Â | 5.95 | 0.203 | Â | Â | 4.66 | 0.324 | Â | Â | 5.32 | 0.256 |
  < 1500 | 305 (75.9) | 97 (24.1) |  |  | 206 (74.4) | 71 (25.6) |  |  | 511 (75.3) | 168 (24.7) |  |  |
 1501–3500 | 214 (71.6) | 85 (28.4) |  |  | 188 (76.7) | 57 (23.3) |  |  | 402 (73.9) | 142 (26.1) |  |  |
 3501–5500 | 158 (74.5) | 54 (25.5) |  |  | 104 (71.2) | 42 (28.8) |  |  | 262 (73.2) | 96 (26.8) |  |  |
 5501–7500 | 105 (80.2) | 26 (19.8) |  |  | 50 (69.4) | 22 (30.6) |  |  | 155 (76.4) | 48 (23.6) |  |  |
  > 7500 | 99 (69.2) | 44 (30.8) |  |  | 57 (66.3) | 29 (33.7) |  |  | 156 (68.1) | 73 (31.9) |  |  |
BMI-for-age | Â | Â | 3.12 | 0.538 | Â | Â | 3.62 | 0.460 | Â | Â | 4.86 | 0.302 |
 Severe thinness | 11 (68.8) | 5 (31.2) |  |  | 17 (63.0) | 10 (37.0) |  |  | 28 (65.1) | 15 (34.9) |  |  |
 Thinness | 56 (74.7) | 19 (25.3) |  |  | 52 (67.5) | 25 (32.5) |  |  | 108 (71.1) | 44 (28.9) |  |  |
 Normal | 690 (73.7) | 246 (26.3) |  |  | 455 (72.9) | 169 (27.1) |  |  | 1145 (73.4) | 415 (26.6) |  |  |
 Overweight | 72 (71.3) | 29 (28.7) |  |  | 61 (77.2) | 18 (22.8) |  |  | 133 (73.9) | 47 (26.1) |  |  |
 Obese | 70 (81.4) | 16 (18.6) |  |  | 34 (77.3) | 10 (22.7) |  |  | 104 (80.0) | 26 (20.0) |  |  |
Physical activity level | Â | Â | 10.83 | 0.004 | Â | Â | 0.36 | 0.836 | Â | Â | 6.92 | 0.031 |
 Low | 185 (67.3) | 90 (32.7) |  |  | 186 (73.2) | 68 (26.8) |  |  | 371 (70.1) | 158 (29.9) |  |  |
 Moderate | 594 (75.1) | 197 (24.9) |  |  | 383 (72.1) | 148 (27.9) |  |  | 977 (73.9) | 345 (26.1) |  |  |
 High | 120 (81.1) | 28 (18.9) |  |  | 49 (75.4) | 16 (24.6) |  |  | 169 (79.3) | 44 (20.7) |  |  |
Screen time, hoursb | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Weekdays | 4.62 (2.75) | 2.27 (1.54) | 0.33 | 0.742 | 4.18 (3.31) | 2.33 (1.77) | 0.86 | 0.392 | 2.23 (1.61) | 2.30 (1.64) | 0.85 | 0.397 |
 Weekends | 4.40 (2.38) | 2.24 (1.44) | 1.30 | 0.196 | 3.70 (3.08) | 2.21 (1.83) | 0.29 | 0.045 | 4.11 (2.71) | 4.44 (3.01) | 2.33 | 0.020 |