Table 1 Demographic, social and obstetric characteristics of live births (referent population) and neonatal deaths (case population)
Characteristics | Live births (n = 4413) | Neonatal deaths (n = 299) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) | |||
Mean ± standard deviation | 23.7 ± 4.4 | 24.3 ± 5.6 | p = 0.71 |
Median (interquartile range) | 23 (20–26) | 23 (20–28) | p = 0.63 |
Intervals: | n (%) | n (%) | |
≤ 20 | 1204 (27.3) | 85 (28.4) | |
21–25 | 1931 (43.8) | 120 (40.1) | |
26–30 | 961 (21.8) | 49 (16.4) | |
> 30 | 317 (7.2) | 45 (15.1) | p < 0.001 |
Ethnicity | |||
Brahmin/Chhetri (Hill and Terai) | 1710 (38.7) | 110 (36.8) | |
Relatively advantaged Janajatis | 804 (18.2) | 52 (17.4) | |
Disadvantaged Janajatis | 1274 (28.9) | 84 (28.1) | |
Non-Dalit Terai | 363 (8.2) | 31 (10.4) | |
Dalit (Hill and Terai) | 230 (5.2) | 16 (5.4) | |
Muslim | 32 (0.7) | 6 (2.0) | p = 0.174 |
Maternal education | |||
Six years of education or less | 70 (23.4) | 1448 (32.8) | |
More than 6 years of education | 229 (76.6) | 2965 (67.2) | p = 0.001 |
Wealth index (quintiles)a | |||
Poorest | 768 (18.7) | 67 (39.2) | |
Poorer | 802 (19.6) | 26 (15.2) | |
Middle | 857 (20.9) | 29 (17.0) | |
Richer | 830 (20.2) | 29 (17.0) | |
Richest | 843 (20.6) | 20 (11.7) | p < 0.001 |
Parity | |||
Primiparous | 2385 (54.0) | 146 (48.8) | |
Multiparous (1–2) | 1845 (41.8) | 118 (39.5) | |
Multiparous (≥3) | 183 (4.1) | 35 (11.7) | p < 0.001 |
Antenatal care attendance | |||
Yes | 3857 (87.4) | 174 (58.2) | |
No | 556 (12.6) | 125 (41.8) | p < 0.001 |
Obstetric complication(s) in antepartum period | |||
No | 3267 (74.0) | 233 (77.9) | |
Yes | 1146 (26.0) | 66 (22.1) | p < 0.151 |
Multiple pregnancy | |||
No | 4378 (99.2) | 283 (94.6) | |
Yes | 35 (0.8) | 16 (5.4) | p < 0.001 |
Obstetric complication(s) in intrapartum period | |||
No | 3923 (88.9) | 194 (64.9) | |
Yes | 490 (11.1) | 105 (35.1) | p < 0.001 |
Mode of delivery | |||
Vaginal | 3418 (77.5) | 195 (65.2) | |
Cesarean section | 995 (22.5) | 104 (34.8) | p < 0.001 |
Sex | |||
Male | 2333 (52.9) | 176 (58.9) | |
Female | 2080 (47.1) | 123 (41.1) | p = 0.074 |
Preterm (<37 weeks) | |||
No | 4079 (92.4) | 116 (38.8) | |
Yes | 334 (7.6) | 183 (61.2) | p < 0.001 |
Birth weight (grams) | |||
Mean ± standard deviation | 2934.2 ± 473.4 | 1853.7 ± 796.8 | p < 0.001 |
Median (interquartile range) | 3000 (2600–3250) | 1650 (1200–2400) | p < 0.001 |
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Small for gestational age (<10th percentile) | |||
No | 2772 (62.8) | 156 (52.2) | |
Yes | 1641 (37.2) | 143 (47.8) | p < 0.001 |
Preterm and Small for gestational age | |||
No | 4349 (98.5) | 239 (79.9) | |
Yes | 64 (1.5) | 60 (20.1) | p < 0.001 |