From: Mental health literacy as a function of remoteness of residence: an Australian national study
(i) HELPFUL | Depression | Depression with suicidal ideation | Early schizophrenia | Chronic schizophrenia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
General practitioner | ||||||||
Maj City* | 87.5 | 84.3 | 77.2 | 76.9 | ||||
IR | 87.6 | 1.01 (0.61–1.67) | 82.0 | 0.85 (0.56–1.29) | 79.0 | 1.11 (0.76–1.62) | 73.1 | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) |
ORe/R/VR | 85.1 | 0.82 (0.40–1.67) | 88.5 | 1.43 (0.71–2.87) | 65.3 | 0.56 (0.34–0.91) | 79.8 | 1.19 (0.61–2.30) |
Pharmacist | ||||||||
Maj City* | 34.4 | 31.3 | 23.7 | 29.2 | ||||
IR | 38.8 | 1.21 (0.84–1.74) | 34.2 | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 22.9 | 0.95 (0.66–1.38) | 23.9 | 0.76 (0.53–1.10) |
ORe/R/VR | 33.6 | 0.97 (0.62–1.52) | 47.6 | 2.00 (1.32–3.03) | 23.9 | 1.01 (0.64–1.59) | 30.6 | 1.07 (0.68–1.70) |
Counsellor | ||||||||
Maj City* | 83.8 | 86.0 | 84.9 | 84.3 | ||||
IR | 81.4 | 0.84 (0.56–1.27) | 84.5 | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) | 86.7 | 1.17 (0.74–1.83) | 79.0 | 0.70 (0.45–1.09) |
ORe/R/VR | 70.0 | 0.45 (0.26–0.77) | 84.1 | 0.86 (0.50–1.49) | 81.9 | 0.81 (0.44–1.46) | 83.9 | 0.97 (0.57–1.65) |
Social worker | ||||||||
Maj City* | 62.1 | 68.1 | 69.5 | 81.2 | ||||
IR | 65.1 | 1.14 (0.82–1.58) | 65.2 | 0.88 (0.62–1.23) | 68.1 | 0.94 (0.65–1.36) | 72.3 | 0.61 (0.40–0.91) |
ORe/R/VR | 61.8 | 0.99 (0.61–1.59) | 65.5 | 0.89 (0.53–1.50) | 59.1 | 0.63 (0.44–0.92) | 79.7 | 0.91 (0.47–1.76) |
Phone counselling | ||||||||
Maj City* | 64.4 | 65.1 | 56.1 | 47.0 | ||||
IR | 63.9 | 0.98 (0.69–1.39) | 67.1 | 1.09 (0.74–1.61) | 58.7 | 1.11 (0.81–1.54) | 46.1 | 0.96 (0.70–1.33) |
ORe/R/VR | 54.5 | 0.66 (0.42–1.04) | 73.5 | 1.49 (0.82–2.71) | 55.1 | 0.96 (0.60–1.55) | 55.5 | 1.41 (0.80–2.49) |
Psychiatrist | ||||||||
Maj City* | 67.1 | 72.9 | 81.6 | 82.2 | ||||
IR | 60.4 | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) | 67.5 | 0.78 (0.54–1.10) | 82.4 | 1.06 (0.69–1.62) | 76.6 | 0.71 (0.46–1.10) |
ORe/R/VR | 59.5 | 0.72 (0.46–1.12) | 67.5 | 0.78 (0.45–1.34) | 65.0 | 0.42 (0.24–0.75) | 72.9 | 0.58 (0.34–1.01) |
Psychologist | ||||||||
Maj City* | 70.5 | 70.9 | 75.9 | 78.1 | ||||
IR | 61.6 | 0.67 (0.47–0.96) | 65.9 | 0.80 (0.54–1.17) | 72.1 | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) | 65.4 | 0.53 (0.37–0.76) |
ORe/R/VR | 50.5 | 0.43 (0.25 0.72) | 69.5 | 0.94 (0.56–1.58) | 57.6 | 0.43 (0.25–0.74) | 74.1 | 0.80 (0.45–1.440 |
Close family | ||||||||
Maj City* | 69.2 | 65.0 | 62.4 | 63.0 | ||||
IR | 67.6 | 0.93 (0.62–1.39) | 65.7 | 1.03 (0.71–1.51) | 65.6 | 1.15 (0.84–1.57) | 61.8 | 0.95 (0.65–1.40) |
ORe/R/VR | 56.7 | 0.58 (0.32–1.08) | 60.5 | 0.83 (0.47–1.44) | 57.2 | 0.81 (0.52–1.25) | 46.8 | 0.52 (0.28–0.97) |
Close friends | ||||||||
Maj City* | 77.3 | 77.5 | 71.8 | 72.5 | ||||
IR | 81.5 | 1.29 (0.84–1.98) | 76.0 | 0.92 (0.62–1.37) | 77.9 | 1.39 (0.97–1.99) | 71.2 | 0.94 (0.64–1.37) |
ORe/R/VR | 76.9 | 0.98 (0.50–1.92) | 75.6 | 0.90 (0.52–1.54) | 69.2 | 0.88 (0.53–1.47) | 70.0 | 0.89 (0.51–1.54) |
Naturopath/herbalist | ||||||||
Maj City* | 33.5 | 30.3 | 21.7 | 19.3 | ||||
IR | 40.5 | 1.36 (0.93–1.97) | 34.3 | 1.20 (0.79–1.82) | 29.3 | 1.49 (1.02–2.18) | 18.6 | 0.96 (0.64–1.43) |
ORe/R/VR | 31.7 | 0.92 (0.57–1.50) | 38.3 | 1.43 (0.90–2.26) | 25.8 | 1.25 (0.72–2.18) | 21.7 | 1.16 (0.73–1.85) |
Clergy | ||||||||
Maj City* | 47.2 | 51.2 | 35.8 | 44.0 | ||||
IR | 42.9 | 0.84 (0.62–1.14) | 51.6 | 1.02 (0.76–1.36) | 42.4 | 1.32 (0.99–1.77) | 39.3 | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) |
ORe/R/VR | 35.8 | 0.62 (0.36–1.09) | 56.1 | 1.22 (0.78–1.90) | 34.7 | 0.95 (0.54–1.69) | 43.9 | 1.00 (0.57–1.76) |
Psychiatric ward | ||||||||
Maj City* | 17.5 | 21.2 | 32.0 | 36.8 | ||||
IR | 12.7 | 0.69 (0.43–1.09) | 17.4 | 0.79 (0.50–1.23) | 30.7 | 0.94 (0.67–1.33) | 42.3 | 1.26 (0.88–1.79) |
ORe/R/VR | 17.0 | 0.97 (0.43–2.19) | 19.5 | 0.90 (0.51–1.59) | 35.2 | 1.16 (0.70–1.90) | 33.7 | 0.87 (0.54–1.41) |
Health educator | ||||||||
Maj City* | 87.1 | 85.5 | 86.1 | 84.1 | ||||
IR | 85.5 | 0.88 (0.54–1.43) | 85.7 | 1.01 (0.62–1.66) | 86.3 | 1.02 (0.64–1.63) | 84.4 | 1.03 (0.62–1.70) |
ORe/R/VR | 87.1 | 1.00 (0.53–1.90) | 90.1 | 1.55 (0.69–3.46) | 86.8 | 1.07 (0.52–2.19) | 79.7 | 0.75 (0.35–1.58) |
On-line expert | ||||||||
Maj City* | 54.8 | 50.2 | 58.0 | 46.1 | ||||
IR | 51.5 | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 45.4 | 0.83 (0.56–1.22) | 50.3 | 0.73 (0.55–0.98) | 39.7 | 0.77 (0.55–1.08) |
ORe/R/VR | 51.6 | 0.88 (0.55–1.41) | 56.2 | 1.28 (0.82–1.99) | 45.9 | 0.62 (0.38–1.01) | 47.3 | 1.05 (0.56–1.99) |
Deal with it alone | ||||||||
Maj City* | 13.2 | 10.3 | 12.5 | 12.5 | ||||
IR | 13.4 | 1.02 (0.61–1.71) | 7.1 | 0.67 (0.36–1.23) | 6.9 | 0.52 (0.27–0.99) | 8.5 | 0.65 (0.36–1.18) |
ORe/R/VR | 11.5 | 0.85 (0.39–1.89) | 11.7 | 1.56 (0.59–2.25) | 14.3 | 1.16 (0.55–2.46) | 15.2 | 1.26 (0.65–2.43) |
(ii) HARMFUL | Depression | Depression with suicidal ideation | Early schizophrenia | Chronic schizophrenia | ||||
% | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
General practitioner | ||||||||
Maj City* | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 2.2 | ||||
IR | 0.2 | - | 1.9 | - | 2.5 | 1.04 (0.37–2.91) | 3.9 | 1.81 (0.68–4.80) |
ORe/R/VR | 1.7 | - | 0.0 | - | 3.9 | 1.68 (0.52–5.46) | 3.6 | 1.67 (0.36–7.69) |
Pharmacist | ||||||||
Maj City* | 8.9 | 6.9 | 8.5 | 8.7 | ||||
IR | 7.9 | 0.88 (0.35–2.21) | 12.4 | 1.90 (0.98–3.68) | 10.6 | 1.27 (0.72–2.24) | 6.3 | 0.71 (0.34–1.50) |
ORe/R/VR | 9.4 | 1.06 (0.47–2.35) | 7.1 | 1.03 (0.40–2.64) | 3.2 | 0.36 (0.11–1.12) | 9.0 | 1.04 (0.39–2.76) |
Counsellor | ||||||||
Maj City* | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 2.2 | ||||
IR | 4.3 | 1.95 (0.81–4.70) | 2.6 | 1.10 (0.46–2.64) | 2.8 | 0.91 (0.36–2.29) | 2.7 | 1.22 (0.38–3.87) |
ORe/R/VR | 7.8 | 3.68 (1.07–12.63) | 0.5 | 0.23 (0.03–1.69) | 3.2 | 1.03 (0.30–3.55) | 3.7 | 1.73 (0.48–6.32) |
Social worker | ||||||||
Maj City* | 4.4 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 2.3 | ||||
IR | 3.7 | 0.84 (0.39–1.82) | 4.4 | 0.73 (0.34–1.57) | 3.2 | 0.68 (0.31–1.51) | 4.5 | 2.01 (0.84–4.84) |
ORe/R/VR | 7.6 | 1.78 (0.63–5.02) | 4.5 | 0.75 (0.24–2.32) | 5.9 | 1.30 (0.46–3.62) | 5.2 | 2.31 (0.67–8.01) |
Phone counselling | ||||||||
Maj City* | 4.8 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 11.8 | ||||
IR | 7.4 | 1.59 (0.82–3.09) | 6.1 | 0.90 (0.39–2.08) | 8.5 | 1.12 (0.59–2.13) | 11.4 | 0.96 (0.56–1.67) |
ORe/R/VR | 12.0 | 2.70 (1.09–6.67) | 2.9 | 0.42 (0.16–1.10) | 4.9 | 0.62 (0.21–1.85) | 5.1 | 0.41 (0.16–1.03) |
Psychiatrist | ||||||||
Maj City* | 6.0 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 3.8 | ||||
IR | 9.8 | 1.69 (0.85–3.39) | 9.7 | 1.27 (0.72–2.22) | 4.2 | 0.80 (0.32–1.98) | 6.1 | 1.63 (0.83–3.21) |
ORe/R/VR | 9.8 | 1.70 (0.80–3.61) | 6.8 | 0.87 (0.27–2.77) | 9.3 | 1.88 (0.91–3.89) | 7.6 | 2.07 (0.75–5.70) |
Psychologist | ||||||||
Maj City* | 3.5 | 5.0 | 3.4 | 3.1 | ||||
IR | 9.4 | 2.90 (1.32–6.36) | 6.4 | 1.31 (0.64–2.69) | 2.1 | 0.61 (0.22–1.74) | 4.5 | 1.45 (0.63–3.38) |
ORe/R/VR | 7.7 | 2.32 (0.95–5.63) | 4.0 | 0.80 (0.16–4.07) | 4.8 | 1.43 (0.51–4.05) | 4.9 | 1.59 (0.60–4.21) |
Close family | ||||||||
Maj City* | 4.4 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 5.3 | ||||
IR | 4.2 | 0.96 (0.46–1.99) | 5.4 | 1.53 (0.72–3.26) | 8.3 | 1.82 (0.98–3.40) | 5.8 | 1.09 (0.57–2.06) |
ORe/R/VR | 11.3 | 2.81 (1.27–6.23) | 4.3 | 1.20 (0.46–3.13) | 6.1 | 1.31 (0.54–3.17) | 4.0 | 0.74 (0.20–2.76) |
Close friends | ||||||||
Maj City* | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 3.9 | ||||
IR | 1.4 | 0.63 (0.20–1.97) | 2.9 | 1.16 (0.44–3.05) | 5.3 | 2.65 (1.17–6.01) | 1.7 | 0.42 (0.14–1.27) |
ORe/R/VR | 2.7 | 1.26 (0.26–6.05) | 3.0 | 1.21 (0.36–4.04) | 4.3 | 2.14 (0.73–6.30) | 1.9 | 0.46 (0.12–1.83) |
Naturopath/herbalist | ||||||||
Maj City* | 10.3 | 13.3 | 16.6 | 13.7 | ||||
IR | 12.1 | 1.20 (0.67–2.17) | 15.6 | 1.21 (0.78–1.88) | 11.2 | 0.63 (0.39–1.02) | 19.4 | 1.52 (0.93–2.48) |
ORe/R/VR | 16.2 | 1.69 (0.84–3.38) | 6.7 | 0.47 (0.21–1.02) | 13.1 | 0.76 (0.37–1.56) | 13.8 | 1.00 (0.56–1.81) |
Clergy | ||||||||
Maj City* | 7.5 | 9.2 | 12.9 | 10.3 | ||||
IR | 8.4 | 1.13 (0.60–2.12) | 9.6 | 1.05 (0.64–1.73) | 7.0 | 0.51 (0.28–0.94) | 11.0 | 1.08 (0.60–1.94) |
ORe/R/VR | 11.7 | 1.63 (0.54–4.92) | 8.6 | 0.93 (0.48–1.80) | 13.3 | 1.04 (0.53–2.05) | 8.1 | 0.77 (0.34–1.71) |
Psychiatric ward | ||||||||
Maj City* | 51.6 | 50.1 | 37.6 | 32.7 | ||||
IR | 56.2 | 1.20 (0.83–1.74) | 47.4 | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) | 41.7 | 1.19 (0.87–1.62) | 33.0 | 1.01 (0.72–1.43) |
ORe/R/VR | 60.0 | 1.41 (0.82–2.43) | 47.2 | 0.89 (0.48–1.65) | 42.5 | 1.23 (0.83–1.81) | 37.4 | 1.23 (0.74–2.04) |
Health educator | ||||||||
Maj City* | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.6 | ||||
IR | 0.7 | 0.44 (0.06–3.48) | 1.4 | 0.61 (0.16–2.25) | 0.8 | 0.52 (0.11–2.50) | 1.7 | 1.07 (0.32–3.55) |
ORe/R/VR | 1.8 | 1.17 (0.24–5.73) | 1.6 | 0.73 (0.17–3.24) | 7.1 | 1.25 (0.28–5.60) | 1.4 | 0.83 (0.10–6.76) |
On-line expert | ||||||||
Maj City* | 13.8 | 16.7 | 11.1 | 16.0 | ||||
IR | 15.3 | 1.13 (0.72–1.75) | 17.5 | 1.06 (0.66–1.69) | 18.3 | 1.79 (1.20–2.66) | 22.9 | 1.55 (1.07–2.25) |
ORe/R/VR | 15.5 | 1.15 (0.64–2.08) | 10.5 | 0.58 (0.24–1.40) | 25.3 | 2.71 (1.72–4.26) | 12.4 | 0.75 (0.40–1.39) |
Deal with it alone | ||||||||
Maj City* | 63.7 | 73.0 | 69.1 | 67.7 | ||||
IR | 65.5 | 1.08 (0.77–1.52) | 79.0 | 1.39 (0.93–2.07) | 73.2 | 1.22 (0.86–1.73) | 70.9 | 1.17 (0.82–1.67) |
ORe/R/VR | 62.8 | 0.96 (0.61–1.52) | 78.3 | 1.34 (0.77–2.32) | 73.6 | 1.25 (0.68–2.28) | 59.9 | 0.71 (0.43–1.20) |