The joint influence of area income, income inequality, and immigrant density on adverse birth outcomes: a population-based study

Table 3 Crude and adjusted associations between area characteristics and adverse birth outcomes, singleton births, Québec, Canada, 1999–2003

	Crude OR	95% CI	Adjusted OR*	95% CI	Adjusted OR^†	95% CI
PTB
Area income
Poorest	1.13^‡	1.07–1.20	1.06^‡	1.01–1.12	1.05	0.98–1.12
Intermediate	1.08^‡	1.02–1.14	1.04^‡	0.99–1.10	1.02	0.96–1.09
Wealthiest	Referent		Referent		Referent
Immigrant density
Low	1.07^‡	1.01–1.14	1.11^‡	1.05–1.17	1.10	1.02–1.18
Intermediate	0.99^‡	0.94–1.06	1.03^‡	0.98–1.08	1.04	0.97–1.12
High	Referent		Referent		Referent
Income inequality
High	0.92	0.86–0.98	0.96^‡	0.90–1.01	1.01	0.94–1.09
Intermediate	0.94	0.89–1.00	0.96^‡	0.91–1.01	0.99	0.93–1.05
Low	Referent		Referent		Referent
SGA birth
Area income
Poorest	1.21^‡	1.14–1.29	1.09^‡	1.03–1.14	1.09^‡	1.03–1.15
Intermediate	1.12^‡	1.05–1.19	1.05^‡	1.00–1.10	1.06^‡	1.00–1.12
Wealthiest	Referent		Referent		Referent
Immigrant density
Low	0.91^‡	0.85–0.98	0.97	0.92–1.03	0.94^‡	0.88–1.00
Intermediate	0.89^‡	0.83–0.95	0.98	(0.92–1.05)	0.99^‡	0.94–1.05
High	Referent		Referent		Referent
Income inequality
High	0.95	0.89–1.02	0.96	0.90–1.01	0.94^‡	0.88–1.00
Intermediate	1.00	0.93–1.07	0.98	0.93–1.03	0.96^‡	0.90–1.01
Low	Referent		Referent		Referent

PTB = preterm birth; SGA = small-for-gestational-age
* Adjusted for individual-level variables (maternal age, education, civil status, birth place, and previous births). PTB is also adjusted for infant sex.
† Adjusted for individual-level variables and all variables in table.
‡ Results are for generalised estimating equations. All other results are for multi-level logistic regression models.

ISSN: 1471-2458