Table 4 Medical risk factors – medication, allergies, invasive procedures, injections, blood transfusions, cigarettes and illegal drugs
comparison with all control subjects | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
risk factor | n total | mean (SD) or % | crude estimate | age and sex adjusted estimate | age, sex and education adjusted estimate | ||||
cases n = 69 | controls n = 224 | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
regular GP visits1 | 292 | 61.8 | 20.1 | 6.43 (3.57–11.57) | 0.000 | 6.44 (3.57–11.62) | 0.000 | 6.33 (3.44–11.64) | 0.000 |
regular medication | 291 | 86.6 | 75.9 | 2.05 (0.95–4.40) | 0.067 | 2.30 (1.05–5.05) | 0.037 | 2.30 (1.04–5.10) | 0.040 |
hormones, ever | 292 | 14.7 | 22.3 | 0.60 (0.29–1.26) | 0.177 | 0.66 (0.29–1.50) | 0.319 | 0.67 (0.28–1.61) | 0.366 |
allergies2 | 135 | 9.1 | 14.5 | 0.59 (0.20–1.73) | 0.336 | 0.66 (0.22–2.05) | 0.477 | 0.59 (0.18–1.95) | 0.383 |
visit to a urologist3 | 171 | 32.6 | 39.8 | 0.73 (0.35–1.51) | 0.395 | 0.75 (0.35–1.58) | 0.447 | 0.79 (0.36–1.74) | 0.559 |
visit to a psychiatrist | 292 | 14.7 | 12.5 | 1.21 (0.55–2.63) | 0.636 | 1.16 (0.53–2.58) | 0.707 | 1.33 (0.57–3.12) | 0.509 |
contact lenses | 291 | 1.5 | 4.5 | 0.32 (0.04–2.58) | 0.287 | 0.37 (0.05–3.02) | 0.355 | 0.47 (0.06–3.86) | 0.482 |
regular injections | 290 | 16.7 | 23.2 | 0.66 (0.32–1.36) | 0.259 | 0.68 (0.33–1.39) | 0.285 | 0.65 (0.31–1.37) | 0.256 |
vaccinations (> 1980) | 288 | 64.1 | 63.0 | 1.05 (0.59–1.87) | 0.870 | 1.03 (0.58–1.85) | 0.915 | 1.10 (0.61–2.00) | 0.753 |
acupuncture, ever | 290 | 13.6 | 21.9 | 0.56 (0.26–1.22) | 0.145 | 0.57 (0.26–1.26) | 0.167 | 0.60 (0.27–1.34) | 0.211 |
lumbar puncture, ever | 289 | 10.8 | 25.5 | 0.35 (0.15–0.82) | 0.015 | 0.34 (0.15–0.80) | 0.013 | 0.32 (0.13–0.79) | 0.013 |
blood transfusions | 291 | 22.4 | 26.8 | 0.79 (0.41–1.50) | 0.471 | 0.83 (0.43–1.58) | 0.563 | 0.81 (0.41–1.56) | 0.522 |
blood transfusions (> 1980) | 291 | 6.0 | 11.6 | 0.48 (0.16–1.44) | 0.191 | 0.52 (0.17–1.55) | 0.240 | 0.51 (0.17–1.54) | 0.231 |
blood donation | 290 | 16.7 | 47.8 | 0.22 (0.11–0.44) | 0.000 | 0.16 (0.07–0.33) | 0.000 | 0.16 (0.07–0.34) | 0.000 |
invasive dental treatment (> 1980) | 290 | 78.8 | 62.5 | 2.23 (1.16–4.27) | 0.016 | 2.25 (1.17–4.32) | 0.015 | 2.63 (1.33–5.19) | 0.006 |
tattoo's | 290 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.85 (0.09–7.70) | 0.882 | 0.91 (0.10–8.34) | 0.933 | 0.87 (0.09–8.14) | 0.906 |
piercings/earrings | 290 | 13.4 | 19.6 | 0.63 (0.29–1.38) | 0.251 | 0.73 (0.30–1.78) | 0.483 | 0.73 (0.29–1.83) | 0.503 |
current cigarette smoker | 284 | 13.3 | 29.0 | 0.38 (0.17–0.84) | 0.016 | 0.34 (0.15–0.76) | 0.009 | 0.34 (0.15–0.78) | 0.010 |
illegal drugs | 289 | 1.5 | 4.5 | 0.33 (0.04–2.66) | 0.301 | 0.32 (0.04–2.53) | 0.278 | 0.37 (0.05–3.04) | 0.355 |