Geographic variation and effect of area-level poverty rate on colorectal cancer screening

BMC Public Health

Table 5 Association between FOBT use and poverty rate at ZIP5 and ZIP3 level by examining six potential pathways.

	Model I	Model II	Model III	Model IV	Model V	Model VI	Model VII	Model VIII	Model IX
Fixed Effects
ZIP5 poverty (>= 10% vs. <10%)	-	1.21 (0.85–1.72)	1.28 (0.90–1.82)	1.22 (0.85–1.74)	1.25 (0.87–1.80)	1.21 (0.85–1.71)	1.24 (0.87–1.75)	1.21 (0.85–1.73)	1.37 (0.95–1.97)
IOR *	-	0.21–6.97	0.20–8.09	0.20–7.29	0.22–7.08	0.20–7.23	0.21–7.15	0.21–7.04	0.20–9.29
ZIP3 poverty (>= 20% vs. <20%)	-	0.83 (0.64–1.07)	0.83 (0.62–1.11)	0.85 (0.66–1.11)	0.79 (0.58–1.06)	0.81 (0.62–1.05)	0.84 (0.65–1.09)	0.83 (0.64–1.07)	0.76 (0.54–1.07)
IOR	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Random Effects
ZIP5 [Var. (SE)]	0.910 (0.253)	0.933 (0.262)	1.035 (0.289)	0.977 (0.263)	0.914 (0.273)	0.976 (0.271)	0.937 (0.265)	0.940 (0.264)	1.117 (0.317)
MOR^†	2.48	2.51	2.64	2.57	2.49	2.57	2.52	2.52	2.74
ICC (%)	21.67	22.09	23.93	22.90	21.74	22.88	22.17	22.22	25.35
PCV^‡ (%)	-	2.53	13.74	7.36	0.44	7.25	2.97	3.30	22.75
ZIP3 [Var. (SE)]	0.116 (0.075)	0.114 (0.074)	0.111 (0.084)	0.114 (0.077)	0.151 (0.094)	0.110 (0.073)	0.111 (0.073)	0.116 (0.075)	0.146 (0.104)
MOR	1.38	1.38	1.37	1.38	1.45	1.37	1.37	1.38	1.44
ICC (%)	3.41	3.35	3.26	3.35	4.39	3.24	3.26	3.41	4.25
ZIP3 & ZIP5	1.026	1.047	1.146	1.091	1.065	1.086	1.048	1.056	1.263
MOR	2.63	2.65	2.78	2.71	2.68	2.70	2.66	2.67	2.92
DIC ^§	1323	1313	1190	1303	793	1283	1268	1313	713

Note: Model I is an empty model; Model II only contains area poverty; Model III contains area poverty and demographic variable (age, gender, age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, employment and income); Model IV contains area poverty and health condition variables (BMI < weight/height²>, chronic diseases history <asthma, diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease and heart attack> and depression/anxiety history); Model V contains area poverty and access to care variables (health plan coverage, primary care physician and routine check-up for medical status); Model VI contains area poverty and emotional support; Model VII contains area poverty and health-related behaviors (smoking, alcohol-consumption and physical exercise); Model VIII contains area poverty and self-rated health status; Model IX contains area poverty and all individual-level factors. * IOR: Interval odds ratio; ^† MOR: Median odds ratio; ^‡ PCV: Proportional change in variance relative to Model I; §DIC, Deviance information criterion; ^¶ P < 0.01.

ISSN: 1471-2458