From: Geographic variation and effect of area-level poverty rate on colorectal cancer screening
Variable | ZIP-5 level poverty rate | Â | ZIP-3 level poverty rate | Â | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | <10% | 10~19% | >= 20% | P | <10% | 10~19% | >= 20% | P |
Number of ZIP-5 areas | 251 | 289 | 119 | Â | - | - | - | Â |
Number of ZIP-3 areas | - | - | - | Â | 4 | 19 | 2 | Â |
Number of Participants* | 1152 | 1346 | 489 | Â | 586 | 2307 | 124 | Â |
†|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRC screening use | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
No | 43.5 | 51.5 | 51.4 | Â | 42.3 | 49.1 | 60.3 | Â |
Yes | 56.5 | 48.6 | 48.6 | Â | 57.7 | 50.9 | 39.7 | Â |
Endoscopy use | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
No | 49.7 | 57.9 | 57.4 | Â | 47.6 | 55.6 | 65.8 | Â |
Yes | 50.3 | 42.2 | 42.6 | Â | 52.4 | 44.4 | 34.2 | Â |
FOBT use | Â | Â | Â | 0.118 | Â | Â | Â | 0.753 |
No | 84.8 | 85.8 | 88.8 | Â | 85.7 | 85.9 | 88.2 | Â |
Yes | 15.2 | 14.3 | 11.3 | Â | 14.3 | 14.2 | 11.8 | Â |
Demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Age |  |  |  | 0.045 |  |  |  | 0.088 |
50–64 years | 52.7 | 47.7 | 49.7 |  | 54.1 | 49.1 | 48.4 |  |
65+ years | 47.3 | 52.3 | 50.3 | Â | 45.9 | 50.9 | 51.6 | Â |
   Sex |  |  |  | 0.891 |  |  |  | 0.126 |
Male | 37.8 | 38.5 | 37.4 | Â | 40.3 | 37.9 | 30.7 | Â |
Female | 62.2 | 61.5 | 62.6 | Â | 59.7 | 62.1 | 69.4 | Â |
   Race/ethnicity |  |  |  | <0.001 |  |  |  | <0.001 |
White | 92.5 | 91.1 | 60.9 | Â | 91.1 | 85.3 | 92.7 | Â |
African American | 2.2 | 3.2 | 31.5 | Â | 2.6 | 8.9 | 1.6 | Â |
Hispanic/Others | 4.6 | 5.0 | 6.1 | Â | 5.5 | 5.0 | 4.0 | Â |
Refused | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.4 | Â | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.6 | Â |
   Marital Status |  |  |  | <0.001 |  |  |  | <0.001 |
Married | 57.0 | 52.8 | 38.9 | Â | 61.1 | 50.2 | 47.6 | Â |
Not married | 42.9 | 47.1 | 61.2 | Â | 38.9 | 49.7 | 52.4 | Â |
Refused | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | Â | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | Â |
   Education |  |  |  | <0.001 |  |  |  | <0.001 |
≥ College-level | 51.3 | 42.3 | 40.5 |  | 48.8 | 45.6 | 26.6 |  |
<College-level | 48.7 | 57.7 | 59.5 | Â | 51.2 | 54.4 | 73.4 | Â |
   Employment |  |  |  | 0.003 |  |  |  | <0.001 |
Employed | 38.6 | 37.0 | 30.5 | Â | 41.7 | 35.7 | 26.8 | Â |
Unemployed | 17.3 | 19.0 | 24.8 | Â | 14.5 | 20.2 | 30.1 | Â |
Retired | 44.1 | 43.9 | 44.7 | Â | 43.8 | 44.2 | 43.1 | Â |
   Household income |  |  |  | <0.001 |  |  |  | <0.001 |
>$50, 000 | 30.0 | 17.8 | 16.0 | Â | 32.8 | 19.9 | 19.4 | Â |
$25,000 – 50,000 | 28.5 | 30.6 | 24.5 |  | 27.1 | 29.4 | 21.8 |  |
<$25,000 | 27.3 | 38.0 | 47.7 | Â | 28.5 | 36.4 | 50.0 | Â |
Missing | 14.3 | 13.6 | 11.9 | Â | 11.6 | 14.4 | 8.9 | Â |
Health Condition | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Body Mass Index |  |  |  | 0.027 |  |  |  | 0.468 |
<25.0 | 31.6 | 31.4 | 26.2 | Â | 28.7 | 31.3 | 26.6 | Â |
25.0 – 29.9 | 39.0 | 36.3 | 38.2 |  | 39.1 | 37.4 | 37.9 |  |
30+ | 26.8 | 30.6 | 33.6 | Â | 29.4 | 29.6 | 33.9 | Â |
Missing | 2.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 | Â | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.6 | Â |
   History of chronic Diseases |  |  |  | 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.445 |
No | 64.3 | 57.4 | 54.2 | Â | 62.8 | 58.8 | 60.5 | Â |
One or more | 34.9 | 41.8 | 45.0 | Â | 36.5 | 40.3 | 39.5 | Â |
Don't know | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | Â | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.0 | Â |
   Anxiety/Depression |  |  |  | 0.377 |  |  |  | 0.036 |
No | 75.4 | 73.2 | 73.6 | Â | 73.9 | 74.3 | 68.6 | Â |
Yes | 20.1 | 20.5 | 20.5 | Â | 22.0 | 19.6 | 28.2 | Â |
Don't know | 4.5 | 6.3 | 5.9 | Â | 4.1 | 6.1 | 3.2 | Â |
Access to Care | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Health insurance |  |  |  | <0.001 |  |  |  | <0.001 |
Yes | 94.3 | 92.3 | 88.3 | Â | 96.6 | 91.4 | 91.1 | Â |
No | 5.6 | 7.4 | 11.7 | Â | 3.2 | 8.5 | 7.3 | Â |
Don't know | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | Â | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.6 | Â |
   Having a primary care physician |  |  | 0.011 |  |  |  |  | 0.114 |
Yes | 92.2 | 90.5 | 87.5 | Â | 92.8 | 90.1 | 91.9 | Â |
No | 7.8 | 9.5 | 12.5 | Â | 7.2 | 9.9 | 8.1 | Â |
   Routine check-up |  |  |  | 0.001 |  |  |  |  |
<1 yr | 75.0 | 70.7 | 75.7 | Â | 77.7 | 72.2 | 71.0 | Â |
2–5 yrs | 17.4 | 16.6 | 13.9 |  | 16.2 | 16.5 | 16.9 |  |
>5 yrs/Never | 7.1 | 11.1 | 9.8 | Â | 5.5 | 10.2 | 11.3 | Â |
Don't know | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.6 | Â | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.8 | Â |
Social Support | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Emotional support |  |  | <0.001 |  |  |  |  | 0.021 |
Always/Usually | 78.2 | 74.2 | 65.0 | Â | 79.2 | 73.1 | 72.6 | Â |
Sometimes/Never | 17.2 | 19.4 | 28.8 | Â | 16.4 | 20.8 | 24.2 | Â |
Missing | 4.6 | 6.5 | 6.1 | Â | 4.4 | 6.1 | 3.2 | Â |
Health-related behavior | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Smoking status |  |  |  | 0.013 |  |  |  | <0.001 |
Never | 47.7 | 47.0 | 41.5 | Â | 46.4 | 46.7 | 42.7 | Â |
Former | 37.1 | 34.1 | 37.0 | Â | 41.8 | 34.3 | 32.3 | Â |
Current Smoker | 15.0 | 18.9 | 21.1 | Â | 11.6 | 18.9 | 23.4 | Â |
Missing | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Â | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.6 | Â |
   Heavy alcohol use |  |  |  | 0.877 |  |  |  | 0.151 |
No | 94.5 | 94.6 | 94.3 | Â | 94.5 | 94.3 | 99.2 | Â |
Yes | 3.9 | 3.4 | 3.7 | Â | 4.1 | 3.6 | 0.8 | Â |
Missing | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.0 | Â | 1.4 | 2.0 | 0.0 | Â |
   Physically Active |  |  |  | <0.001 |  |  |  | <0.001 |
Yes | 71.3 | 63.7 | 62.0 | Â | 71.2 | 65.9 | 52.4 | Â |
No | 28.7 | 36.3 | 38.0 | Â | 28.8 | 34.1 | 47.6 | Â |
Health Status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Self-rated Health |  |  |  | <0.001 |  |  |  | <0.001 |
Good/Above | 75.4 | 67.7 | 62.4 | Â | 75.5 | 68.8 | 60.5 | Â |
Fair/Poor | 24.6 | 32.3 | 37.6 | Â | 24.5 | 31.2 | 39.5 | Â |