Table 1 Clinical characteristics of NEFRON study patients. Univariate p-value compares Indigenous versus non-Indigenous patients from the same practice
From: The management of diabetes in indigenous Australians from primary care
Indigenous | Non-Indigenous but same practice | All NEFRON | Univariate p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 144 | N = 449 | N = 3898 | ||
Age (years) | 53 ± 1 | 64 ± 1 | 66 ± 1 | <0.001 |
Gender (% male) | 41% (40–42) | 50% (50–51) | 52%(51–52) | 0.04 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 8 ± 1 | 8 ± 1 | 8 ± 1 | 0.96 |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 64% (58–62)* | 37%(33–41) | 35%(34–36) | <0.001 |
Current smoker (%) | 38% (30–46)* | 9% (6–12) | 10%(9–11) | <0.001 |
Obese BMI(%) | 47% (38–56) | 52% (47–57) | 49% (47–51) | 0.31 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 106 ± 2 | 105 ± 1 | 104 ± 1 | 0.48 |
HbA1c(%) | 8.9 ± 0.1* | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) | 11.0 ± 0.4* | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Metformin (%) | 71% (64–78) | 69% (65–73) | 63% (61–65) | 0.60 |
Sulphonylurea (%) | 52% (44–60) | 43% (38–48) | 45% (43–47) | 0.08 |
Any Insulin (%) | 18% (12–24) | 14% (11–17) | 13% (12–15) | 0.21 |
Antihypertensive (%) | 66% (58–76) | 70% (66–74) | 71% (70–72) | 0.47 |
RAS blockade (%) | 76% (69–83) | 69% (65–73) | 71% (70–72) | 0.08 |
Number Antihypertensives (n) | 1.1 ± 0.1* | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.03 |
Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 132/80 | 134/78 | 134/77 | 0.24/0.05 |
Lipid lowering therapy (%) | 52%(44–60) | 59%(54–64) | 64%(62–66) | 0.17 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 0.80 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.1* | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.7 ± 0.1* | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Normoalbuminuria (%) | 41% (33–49)* | 67% (63–71) | 65%(63–67) | <0.001 |
Microalbuminuria (%) | 36% (28–44)* | 27% (23–31) | 27%(26–28) | <0.001 |
Macroalbuminuria (%) | 23% (16–30)* | 6%(4–8) | 7%(6–8) | <0.001 |
eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 21%(14–28) | 19%(14–24) | 23%(21–25) | 0.50 |
Family history of CKD (%) | 38% (30–46)* | 8%(5–11) | 7%(6–8) | <0.001 |
Macrovascular disease (%) | 35%(27–43) | 27%(23–31) | 31%(30–32) | 0.08 |
Cardiovascular disease (%) | 25%(18–32) | 18%(14–22) | 23%(22–24) | 0.10 |
Family history of early CVD (%) | 43%(34–51) | 14%(10–18) | 15%(14–16) | <0.001 |