From: Determinants of daily smoking in Turkish young adults in the Netherlands
 | Smoker | Model 1 | Model 2 |
---|---|---|---|
 | (%) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) |
Demographic factors (N = 387) | |||
Age | Â | Â | Â |
   18–23 y | 50 | - | - |
   24–28 y | 57 | 0.94 (0.75, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.26) |
Sex | Â | Â | Â |
   Women | 47* | - | - |
   Men | 58 | 1.28 (1.06, 1.55)* | 1.15 (0.94, 1.40) |
Living with partner | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 47** | - | - |
   Yes | 65 | 1.35 (1.07, 1.71)* | 1.23 (1.01, 1.52)* |
Living with children | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 49* | -a | - |
   Yes | 68 | 1.19 (0.91, 1.55) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.42) |
Socioeconomic factors (N = 387) | |||
Education | Â | Â | Â |
   High | 35** | - | - |
   Middle | 49 | 1.35 (0.98, 1.84)†| 1.30 (0.95, 1.78)†|
   Low | 70 | 1.81 (1.33, 2.47)** | 1.59 (1.15, 2.19)* |
Unemployment | Â | Â | Â |
   No spells | 47* | - | - |
   1 spell | 62 | 1.15 (0.93, 1.42) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.27) |
   ≥ 2 spells | 80 | 1.39 (1.09, 1.78)* | 1.23 (0.90, 1.67) |
Emotional and behavioral problems (N = 387) | |||
Alcohol use | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 45** | - | - |
   Yes | 77 | 1.68 (1.42, 2.00)** | 1.46 (1.20, 1.79)** |
Externalizing problems | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 49* | - | - |
   Yes | 65 | 1.04 (0.83, 1.31) | 1.15 (0.91, 1.45) |
Internalizing problems | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 50* | - | - |
   Yes | 66 | 1.24 (1.00, 1.55)* | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) |
Psychosocial factors (N = 387) | |||
Feel bored | Â | Â | Â |
   Sometimes/never | 48** | - | - |
   Often | 70 | 1.31 (1.09, 1.59)* | 1.19 (0.98, 1.44)†|
Life events | Â | Â | Â |
   0 | 45** | - | -b |
   1–2 | 54 | 1.16 (0.93, 1.45) | 1.10 (0.87, 1.39) |
   ≥ 3 | 68 | 1.38 (1.05, 1.81)** | 1.25 (0.93, 1.70) |
Locus of control | Â | Â | Â |
   Internal | 44** | - | - |
   Neutral | 48 | 0.88 (0.64, 1.21) | 0.89 (0.66, 1.20) |
   External | 71 | 1.16 (0.82, 1.64) | 1.11 (0.78, 1.57) |
Self-esteem | Â | Â | Â |
   High | 40** | -a | -a |
   Medium | 52 | 1.28 (0.93, 1.76) | 1.11 (0.82, 1.50) |
   Low | 67 | 1.43 (0.99, 2.05)†| 1.23 (0.86, 1.76) |
Cultural factors (N = 379) | |||
Discrimination | Â | Â | Â |
   Sometimes/never | 52 | - | - |
   Often | 56 | 1.05 (0.81, 1.36) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.22) |
Dutch friends | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 57 | - | - |
   Yes | 52 | 0.88 (0.69, 1.12) | 1.00 (0.78, 1.27) |
Dutch identity | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 51 | - | - |
   Yes | 57 | 1.12 (0.88, 1.41) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.52) |
Turkish identity | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 55 | - | - |
   Yes | 52 | 1.04 (0.79, 1.36) | 1.14 (0.88, 1.48) |
Muslim identity | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 62* | - | - |
   Yes | 48 | 0.76 (0.63, 0.92)* | 0.83 (0.68, 1.01)†|
Generation | Â | Â | Â |
   Second | 54 | - | - |
   First | 46 | 0.87 (0.68, 1.12) | 0.84 (0.65, 1.08) |