Table 2 Frequency of exposed case and control infants where the exposed group is defined as living in a census tract with an average metal level greater than or equal to the 90 th percentile a of average metal concentrations in tracts across the state
| Â | Arsenic n (%)c | Cadmium n (%)c | Manganese n (%)c | Lead n (%)c |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Spina bifida (n = 218) | 8 (3.7) | 4 (1.8) | 11 (5.0) | 13 (6.0) |
2. Anotia/microtia (n = 94) | 3 (3.2) | 3 (3.2) | 6 (6.4) | 5 (5.3) |
3. Conotruncals (n = 435) | 20 (4.6) | 16 (3.7) | 31 (7.1) | 19 (4.4) |
4. AVSD/ECD (n = 150) | 8 (5.3) | 5 (3.3) | 10 (6.7) | 5 (3.3) |
5. HLHS (n = 142) | 3 (2.1) | 5 (3.5) | 4 (2.8) | 13 (9.2) |
6. Cleft palate (n = 351) | 17 (4.8) | 15 (4.3) | 18 (5.1) | 20 (5.7) |
7. Cleft lip ± CP (n = 516) | 35 (6.8) | 22 (4.3) | 35 (6.8) | 29 (5.6) |
8. EA/TEF (n = 140) | 9 (6.4) | 6 (4.3) | 7 (5.0) | 8 (5.7) |
9. Pyloric stenosis (n = 1,204) | 73 (6.1) | 20 (1.7) | 63 (5.2) | 59 (4.9) |
10. Limb reduction (n = 255) | 7 (2.7) | 5 (2.0) | 12 (4.7) | 12 (4.7) |
11. Gastroschisis (n = 215) | 12 (5.6) | 7 (3.3) | 6 (2.8) | 16 (7.4) |
12. Hypospadias (n = 1,994) | 92 (4.6) | 94 (4.7) | 107 (5.4) | 122 (6.1) |
Total cases (n = 5,534b) | 283 (5.1) | 196 (3.5) | 303 (5.5) | 310 (5.6) |
Total controls (n = 668,381) | 33,252 (5.0) | 29,579 (4.4) | 36,845 (5.5) | 35,492 (5.3) |