From: Factors influencing work participation of adults with developmental dyslexia: a systematic review
2ndlevel ICF | Factors | Qualitative studies | Quantitative studies | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Functions & structures | Â | Â | Â | ||
b1 Mental functions | Â | Â | Â | ||
b114 | Orientation functions | Â | 36 -, 37 - | Â | |
b126 | Temperament and personality functions | Adaptability | 34 +, 39 + | Â | |
Optimistic | Â | 55 | |||
Perseverance/persistence | 28 +, 29 +, 31 +, 35 + 36 +, 42+ | 46 +, 57+ | |||
Personal characteristics | Â | 47 | |||
Uncertain/insecure | 28 -, 29 - | Â | |||
b140 | Attention functions | Â | 30 -, 34 -, 36 - | Â | |
b144 | Memory functions | Â | 31 -, 34 +, 36 - 37 -, 43- | 56- | |
Remembering instructions | 42 | Â | |||
Remembering names | 42 | Â | |||
b152 | Emotional functions | Amount of passion | 39 | Â | |
Anxiety | 28 -, 37 -, 40 - | Â | |||
Aggressive feelings | 28 | Â | |||
Concern for patient safety | Â | 56 | |||
Confusion/anger | 29 -, 30 -, 32 -, 37 -, 42- | Â | |||
Depression | 37 | Â | |||
Discouragement | 32 | Â | |||
Emotional problems | 28 | Â | |||
Fear of being stigmatized | 40 -, 42-, 43- | Â | |||
Fear of exposure | 37 -, 43- | Â | |||
Fear of failure | 28 - | 56- | |||
Feelings of accomplishment | 43- | 49 + | |||
Feeling of being different | 28 -, 37 -, 43- | Â | |||
Feeling of inadequacy | 34 -, 42- | Â | |||
Feeling of presenting a false impression (impostor phenomenon) | 37 | Â | |||
Frustration | 28 -, 30 -, 32 - 37 - | Â | |||
Guilt/embarrassment | 34 -, 37 - | 55-, 56- | |||
Inferiority feelings | 28 -, 31 -, 37 - | 56- | |||
Sense of strength | 29 +, 31 +, 35 + | Â | |||
Shame | 34 -, 37 - , 43- | Â | |||
b156 | Perception | Â | 29 +, 37 + | Â | |
b160 | Thought functions | Â | 29 +, 34 +, 35 -, 36 + | 56+ | |
b164 | Higher-level cognitive functions | Executive functions | 35 | Â | |
Holistic/visual thinking | 31 +, 35 + | Â | |||
Increased creativity | 29 +, 36 +, 37 + | Â | |||
Information processing | Â | 49 -, 57- | |||
Organization and planning | 29 -, 31 +, 36 +, 37 -, 39 - | 49 +, 56-, 57- | |||
Thinking outside the box | 29 | Â | |||
b167 | Mental functions of language | Word retrieval | 37 | Â | |
b180 | Experience of self and time functions | Bothered by being different | 36 | Â | |
Depersonalize LD | 36 | Â | |||
Disability self-awareness | 30 +, 35 +, 36 + | Â | |||
Labeling LD as a kind of self-mockery | 39 | Â | |||
Negative self-perceptions | 30 -, 34 -, 37 - | Â | |||
Not seeing themselves as having a disability | 30 +, 40 + | Â | |||
Self-conscious | 40 | Â | |||
Activities (d1- d6) and participation (d7- d9) | |||||
d1 Learning and applying knowledge | |||||
d115 | Listening | Â | 36 | Â | |
d155 | Acquiring skills | Analytical skills | 36 + | 57- | |
Developing coping strategies | 40 | Â | |||
Developing different learning styles | 42 | Â | |||
Learning a new skill | 42°, 44+ |  | |||
Learning operating instrument names | 42 | Â | |||
Practical skills | 31 +, 35 + | Â | |||
d160 | Focusing attention | Â | 31 +, 37 + | Â | |
d166 | Reading |  | 28 -, 29 -, 30 -, 31 -, 35 -, 36 -, 37 -, 40 -, 42-, 43- | 45°, 54°, 55-, 56-, 57-, 60- | |
d170 | Writing (spelling) | Â | 28 -, 29 -, 30 -, 31 -, 34 -, 35 -, 36 -, 39 -, 40 -, 42-, 43- | 49 -, 54-, 55-, 56-, 57-, 60- | |
Writing reports to work | 33 -, 41-, 42- | Â | |||
d172 | Calculating | Â | 36 +, 42-, 43- | 56-, 60- | |
d175 | Solving problems | Â | 31 +, 34 +, 36 +, 37 + | 57+ | |
d2 General tasks and demands | |||||
d210 | Undertaking a single task | Â | 37 | Â | |
d220 | Undertaking multiple tasks | Correcting mistakes | Â | 52 | |
Gathering information | 36° | 56- | |||
Giving lectures/presentations/training sessions | 31 +, 35 -, 42- | Â | |||
Meetings | 42- | 56- | |||
Representing a group | 42 | Â | |||
d230 | Carrying out daily routine |  | 28 ±, 36 ±, 37 ±, 40 ±, 42-, 43± |  | |
d240 | Handling stress and other responsibilities | Â | 36 | Â | |
Handling responsibilities | 28 | Â | |||
d3 Communication | Â | Â | Â | ||
d310 | Communicating with – receiving – spoken messages |  | 30 -, 36 ± |  | |
d315 | Communicating with – receiving nonverbal messages | Receiving body gestures | 35 |  | |
d325 | Communicating with – receiving – written messages |  | 30 -, 36 -, 37 - | 49 -, 57- | |
d330 | Speaking |  | 28 -, 31 +, 35 +, 36 ± | 56- | |
Speaking in public | Â | 56 | |||
d335 | Producing nonverbalmessages | Using drawings | 31 +, 35 + | Â | |
d345 | Writing messages | Completing a literacy exercise | 40 | Â | |
Filling in application forms | 30 -, 40 -, 42- | 60- | |||
Keeping records | 42+ | 56- | |||
Note taking | 30 -, 36 +, 42- | Â | |||
Taking telephone messages | 42 | Â | |||
d355 | Discussion | Discussing (LD with employer/problems with colleagues) | 30 -, 31 +, 34°, 35 + |  | |
d 360 | Using communication devices and techniques | Dialing a phone | 36 | Â | |
Multitasking (on a computer) | 36 | Â | |||
Using computer software/skills | 28 +, 35 +, 36 +, 40 + | 57- | |||
d6 Domestic life | Â | Â | Â | ||
d660 | Assisting others | Helping students | 31 +, 32 +, 35 + | Â | |
 | Motivate students | 31 +, 32 +, 35 + |  | ||
 | Validate students feelings | 31 +, 32 +, 35 + |  | ||
d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships | |||||
d710 | Basic interpersonal interactions | Â | 32 | Â | |
Using social skills | 31 +, 35 + | 46 + | |||
d720 | Complex interpersonal interactions | Forming relationships | 28 -, 36 - | Â | |
d740 | Formal relationships | Relationships with clients | 41 | Â | |
d8 Major life areas | |||||
d845 | Acquiring, keeping and terminating a job | Ability to maintain the career | 29 -, 40 - | 56- | |
Demotion or dismissal | 37 -, 40 -, 43- | 56- | |||
Meeting their goals | 32 +, 42+ | Â | |||
Occupation choice | 42- | 46°, 53-, 56-, 58-, 59- | |||
Securing his current position | 29 -, 34 +, 40 - | 46 -, 49°, 57- | |||
Seeking employment | 40 | Â | |||
Skills for performing the job | 43 | Â | |||
Survive within the workplace | 40 | Â | |||
Terminating a job | 34 -, 43- | Â | |||
Working much harder | 28 -, 31 -, 35 -, 36 - | Â | |||
d850 | Remunerative employment | Achievement/accomplishment | 28 -, 29 ±, 31 - 42±, 43- |  | |
Continuous changing of employment | 40 | Â | |||
Employment roles | 40 | Â | |||
Employment in unskilled/semiskilled occupations | 28 -, 40 - | 50 -, 60+ | |||
Employment in white-collar/blue-collar jobs |  | 45°, 52 +, 53+, 55+ | |||
Enabled to excel | 36 | Â | |||
Having a job/being employed | 28 + | 47 +, 51 +, 55+ | |||
Having more jobs | Â | 47 | |||
Job history | 28 | Â | |||
Job at the level of their training or higher | 28 +, 36 + | Â | |||
Job performance | 33 +, 34 +, 43- | Â | |||
Limited employment opportunities | 43- | 47 -, 55- | |||
Part-time employment | 28 +, 29 + | 55- | |||
Permanently employed | Â | 55+, 60- | |||
Quality of products and processes | 41 | Â | |||
Unemployed | 28 -, 40 - | 48 -, 52 -, 59- | |||
Workforce abilities | Â | 47 | |||
Work-related environmental factors: terms of employment | |||||
 | Access to degree courses | 42- | 56+ | ||
Attendance | 33 | Â | |||
Change in job description/title | 34 | Â | |||
Current (annual) salary |  | 46°, 49 + °, 51 -, 52 -, 59° | |||
Extra study leave | 42 | Â | |||
Extra time | 34 + | 56+, 57+ | |||
Flexible schedule | 33 +, 41+ | Â | |||
Incentives and bonuses | 34 | Â | |||
Income derived from employment | Â | 59 | |||
On-the-job training agreement | 31 +, 33 + | Â | |||
Promotion/Job advancement | 30 +, 33 +, 34 +, 42+ | 51 - | |||
Tenure used as productivity signal | 30 + | 47 + | |||
Tenure with current employer | 30 + | 47 + | |||
Wage -gap (with non-LD) |  | 47 -, 51°, 52 + | |||
Wage increase/decrease | 33 +, 34 + | 47 + | |||
Working from home | 41 | Â | |||
Working at off hours late in the day or night | 36 +, 41+, 42- | 46 +, 49 +, 50 + 56+, 57+ | |||
Work-related environmental factors: social relationships at work | |||||
e3 Support and relationships | |||||
e315/e320 | Extended family/friends | Support from family/friends | 28 +, 29 +, 32 +, 33 +, 34 +, 35 +, 39 + | 55+ | |
e325 | Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors and community members | Being loners/isolated in the job | 37 | Â | |
Control/check by others | 28 +, 31 +, 35 +, 36 +, 37 +, 42+ | 56+ | |||
Encouragement | Â | 56 | |||
Help from colleagues/co-worker assistance | 28 +, 30 -, 31 + 34 +, 35 +, 37 +, 41+, 42+ | 46 +, 49 +, 56+ | |||
Joint goal planning | 44 | Â | |||
Joint working | 35 +, 44+ | Â | |||
Peer pressure | 36 | Â | |||
Performance feedback | 37 | Â | |||
Secretary dependent | 36 | Â | |||
Social relationships with co-workers (trust) | 31 +, 35 +, 37 - | 56+, 57± | |||
Support in the workplace | 29 +, 30 -, 34 +, 35 + , 42+ | 56+ | |||
Workforce morale | 42 | Â | |||
e330 | People in position of authority | Employer assistance-support | 30 -, 34 +, 38 +, 42- | 47 +, 49 +, 56+, 57+ | |
Role of employer-supervisor | 30 +, 31 +, 37 + | 51 -, 57° | |||
Support of rehabilitation staff | 33 | Â | |||
e4 Attitudes | Â | Â | Â | ||
e425 | Individual attitudes of acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors and community members | Appreciation of/consideration to mental disabilities | 41 | Â | |
Attitudinal barriers | 41-, 42- | Â | |||
Awareness/detection of the disability | 34 -, 36°, 40 -, 41+, 42- |  | |||
Discrimination | 40 -, 41-, 43- | 47 - | |||
Interest in, acceptance / understanding of dyslexia | 28 -, 34 -, 41-, 42-, 43- | 56-, 57- | |||
Labeling people with LD as lazy, slow, dumb or stupid | 22 -, 39 -, 41-, 42- | Â | |||
LD makes me important | 34 | Â | |||
LD as a tool to address misconceptions about LD | 32 + | 57+ | |||
Reactions of co-workers | 28°, 31 - 32 +, 34 ±, 35 -, 36 -, 39°, 40 -, 41-, 42-, 43- | 56± | |||
Stigmatization by colleagues | 40 - , 42-, 43- | Â | |||
e430 | Individual attitudes of people in position of authority | Acceptance of dyslexia by employer | 34 +, 36 +, 43+ | 56- | |
Detection/awareness of the disability | 34 -, 36 -, 40 -, 41-, 42- | 47° | |||
Employer attitudes and knowledge | 30 +, 38 -, 42- | Â | |||
High expectations of people with LD | 32 +, 43- | Â | |||
Judgment of work on disability | 28 | Â | |||
Negative responses from employer | 31 -, 34 -, 40 - | Â | |||
Stigmatization by employer | 40 | Â | |||
Work-related environmental factors: task content | |||||
 | Benefits of current position | 33 |  | ||
Challenging students to achieve their potential | 31 +, 35 + | Â | |||
Control over their work | 31 +, 36 +, | Â | |||
Demands involving reading or writing | Â | 53-, 55-, 58- | |||
Demands of the job | 33 -, 37 - | 46 + | |||
Finding a niche | 29 +, 36 + | Â | |||
Increase of independence | 36 | Â | |||
Job level | 28 | Â | |||
More responsibility | 31 +, 30 +, 33 +, 34 + | Â | |||
Much information in a constant stream | Â | 56 | |||
Multitasking is required | Â | 56 | |||
Prioritizing tasks | Â | 46 +, 49 +, 57+ | |||
Productivity demands | 33 | Â | |||
Self-regulation | Â | 46 +, 49 + | |||
Taking work home | 41+, 42- | Â | |||
Working under pressure | 42 | Â | |||
Workload, pressure, more stress | 29 -, 34 -, 41-, 42-, 43+ | 56- | |||
To work by myself | 30 +, 37 + | Â | |||
Work-related environmental factors: working conditions | |||||
e125 | Products and technology for communication | Assistive technology (like a dictaphone, internet, navigation software, watch, microcassette) | 32 +, 34 +, 35 +, 36 +, 40 +, 42+, 43+ | 46 +, 57+ | |
Clear signs | 42 | Â | |||
Computer spelling and grammar programs | 28 +, 35 +, 36 +, 42+ | 56+ | |||
Simple words and pictures | 42 | Â | |||
Technology interferes with work/Experiment with technology | 36 | Â | |||
Visual aids | 31 | Â | |||
Voice-mail | 36 | Â | |||
e135 | Products and technology for employment | Accommodations on the job | 29 -, 30 -, 32 +, 34 +, 36 +, 38 -, 40 - , 42+, 43-, 44 | 46 +, 49 -, 57+° | |
e1650 | Financial assets | Budget for an assistant | 28 +, 34 + | Â | |
Money | 40 -, 41- | Â | |||
Other working conditions | Accessibility of the office environment | 41 | Â | ||
Changing/improving the work environment | 42 | Â | |||
Finding a quiet/personal work environment | 35 + | 46 + | |||
Hearing the words spoken aloud | 36 | Â | |||
A mentor | 33 +, 34 + | Â | |||
Time | 31 -, 34 +, 35 -, 37 -, 41-, 42- | Â | |||
Using proofreaders | 35 +, 36 +, 43+ | 46 +, 57+ | |||
Other work-related environmental factors | |||||
 | Centrality of LD in his career | 39 |  | ||
Critical knowledge and experiences on LD of employers | 38 | Â | |||
Disabling barriers | 40 | Â | |||
Information about (the impact of) dyslexia for employers | 30 -, 38 - | Â | |||
Job shadows | 33 | Â | |||
Job visits | 33 | Â | |||
School-to-work program | 33 | Â | |||
Training sessions regarding disability | 41 | Â | |||
Vocational rehabilitation | 33 | Â | |||
Work-related injury risk | Â | 50 | |||
Other environmental factors | |||||
e550 | Legal services, systems and policies | Certifying disability | 41 | Â | |
Disability Discrimination Act | 41 | Â | |||
Diversity agenda | 41 | Â | |||
Equality issues | 41 | Â | |||
Knowledge of the ADA | 30 | Â | |||
Legislation on adults with LD | 34 +, 41+ | Â | |||
e570 | Social security services, systems and policies | Income from government benefits/resources | Â | 59 | |
Personal factors | Â | Â | Â | ||
--- | General personal data: | Age |  | 45°, 46°, 49°, 52°, 60° | |
Socio-demographic factors | |||||
Gender |  | 45 +, 46°, 47 - 48 -, 49°, 50 +, 52°. 54°, 60° | |||
Language | Â | 54 | |||
Socio-economic status | 39 +, 40 - | 48 + | |||
Standard/level of education | 41° | 45°, 48 +, 59+, 60+ | |||
--- | General ‘mental’ personal factors | Aggravation | 30 |  | |
Common sense | Â | 56 | |||
Confidence | 42+ | 56+ | |||
Creative | 31 +, 37 + | 56+ | |||
Demoralized | 40 | Â | |||
Desire to help others | 31 +, 37 + | Â | |||
Detail oriented | 36 | Â | |||
Diligent | Â | 56 | |||
Empathic | 31 + | 56+, 57+ | |||
Humorous | 35 + | 56+ | |||
Innovative | 31 +, 37 + | Â | |||
Learning/Coping strategies: | 28 +, 29 +, 31 +, 37 +, 40 +, 41+, 42+ | 46 +, 47 +, 49 +, 56+ | |||
 | Adjusted to the disability | 43 |  | ||
Ask caller to speak slowly | 42 | Â | |||
Authoritative language | 39 | Â | |||
Avoid my weaknesses | 36 | Â | |||
Avoidance | 28 -, 35 -, 36 + | Â | |||
Aware of limitations | 35 | Â | |||
Be aware of problem words | 42 | Â | |||
Bluffing | 39 | Â | |||
Camouflage | 28 -, 40 - | Â | |||
Compensatory skills | 36 +, 39 +, 43+ | 47 + | |||
Develop own shorthand | 42 | Â | |||
Disclosing weaknesses | 31 | Â | |||
Distancing himself from others | 29 -, 39 - | Â | |||
Establish themselves as intelligent | 40 | Â | |||
Excessive amount of energy in work | 28 | Â | |||
Exposing own difficulties | 31 | Â | |||
Get writings/forms checked | 35 +, 42+ | Â | |||
Give colour coded feedback | 35 | Â | |||
Hiding the LD | 35 -, 37 -, 40 - | Â | |||
Leave and come back later, when losing concentration | 42 | Â | |||
Make careful mental and concrete preparations | 35 | Â | |||
Make lists or leave notes for myself | Â | 56 | |||
Make people write things down what they have said | 35 +, 36 + | Â | |||
Mnemonics | 35 | Â | |||
Other practical solutions | 28 | Â | |||
Overcompensation | 28 | Â | |||
Paper and pencil in pocket | 42 | Â | |||
Pattern of overachieving | 29 | Â | |||
Physical activities to recall ideas | 35 | Â | |||
Read back messages to caller | 42 | Â | |||
Read novels to experience different types of writing | 42 | Â | |||
Repeat names many times | 42 | Â | |||
Repression | 28 | Â | |||
Tricks | 28 | Â | |||
Using prompts to recall topics | 35 | Â | |||
Use set phrases | 42 | Â | |||
Visualization techniques | 35 | Â | |||
Write things out in rough | 42 | Â | |||
Literacy level | 40 - | 54+, 59+, 60+ | |||
Openness | 28 ±, 30 -, 31 +, 42-, 43- |  | |||
Patience | 36 | Â | |||
Personal problems | 28 | Â | |||
Pride | 29 | Â | |||
Satisfaction with life | 28 | Â | |||
Secretive | 43 | Â | |||
Sensitive to emotional experiences of others | 29 +, 31 +, 36 +, 37 + | Â | |||
Self-advocacy | 30 ±, 38 +, 44+ |  | |||
Self-control | 28 | Â | |||
Self-disclosure | 30 -, 32 +, 34 +,35 +, 37°, 38 -, 39°, 40 -, 43 | 46 -, 49 0-, 56+, 57 | |||
Self-efficacy | 35 + | 46 +, 49 + | |||
Self-empowerment | 39 | Â | |||
Self-esteem | 29 +, 31 +, 32 +, 35 +, 36 +, 39 +, 42+ | 48 + | |||
Self-promotion | 30 | Â | |||
Self-reliant | 36 | Â | |||
Self-sufficient | 36 | Â | |||
Social person | 36 | Â | |||
Stress avoidance | 28 | Â | |||
Stress-experience/being stressed | 28 -, 29 -, 34 -, 35 -, 36 -, 37 -, 42- | Â | |||
Stubborn | Â | 57 | |||
Tolerant | Â | 56 | |||
Visual | 31 +, 35 + | Â | |||
--- | Health related personal factors | Accepting the LD/dyslexia | 28 | Â | |
Experiences with LD/dyslexia | 29 -, 37 - | Â | |||
Impact of the LD/dyslexia | 28 -, 36 -, 37°, 40°, 41-, 42-, 43- | 46 -, 49 0-, 55-, 56-. 57- | |||
Locus of control | Â | 48 | |||
Management of the LD/dyslexia | 40 | Â | |||
--- | Work related personal factors | Collaborative/co-operative | 31 | Â | |
Commitment | 33 | Â | |||
Compliance | 38 | Â | |||
Determination | 31 +, 35 +, 36 +, 42+ | 56+ | |||
Focus | 33 | Â | |||
Force of will | 39 | Â | |||
Goal driven | 33 | Â | |||
Independence | 29 +, 32 +, 36 + | 49 + | |||
Job/career satisfaction | 28 0+, 36 +, 43+ | 46 +, 49 +, 51 - | |||
Prestige aspirations | 31 + | 48 + | |||
Proactive | 31 + | Â | |||
Productivity/worker characteristics | Â | 47 | |||
Successful | 29 +, 31 +, 32 +, 36 +, 41+ | Â | |||
Tenacity | 34 | Â | |||
Underchallenged | 29 | Â | |||
Work ethic | 29 | Â |