Table 1 Basic characteristics and vitamin D levels in diabetic and healthy control adults

Gender (M/F)

32/28

34/26

0.71

Age

36.7 ± 3.6

25.9 ± 16.1

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

28.2 ± 6.8

26.4 ± 6.1

0.12

Waist (cm)

83.1 ± 13.2

71.4 ± 14.1

<0.001

Hips (cm)

96.1 ± 16.5

80.1 ± 27.0

0.001

Waist-hips ratio

0.96 ± 0.16

0.87 ± 0.18

0.004

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.9 ± 1.0

5.0 ± 1.1

0.78

Glucose (mmol/L)

5.2 ± 0.63

13.8 ± 7.7

<0.001

HDL (mmol/L)

0.84 ± 0.34

1.1 ± 0.42

0.002

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.5 ± 0.74

1.4 ± 0.86

0.97

LDL (mmol/L)

3.4 ± 0.95

3.5 ± 0.91

0.81

Vitamin D (nmol/L)

33.4 ± 1.6

28.1 ± 1.4

0.03

Vitamin D deficiency (%)

  50-25 nmol/L

25 (41.7)

40 (66.7)

0.19

  25.0-12.5 nmol/L

19 (31.7)

19 (31.7)

  <12.5 nmol/L

3 (5)

2 (3.3)

Calcium (mmol/L)

2.4 ± 0.36

2.2 ± 0.35

0.01

Fish (g/week)

724.9 ± 163.7

150 ± 52.9

<0.001

Liver

224.5 ± 141.2

360 ± 203.2

0.13

Milk

  0 glasses/day

26 (43.4)

32 (53.3)

0.16

  1-2 glasses/day

25 (41.6)

25 (41.7)

  3-4 glasses/day

9 (15.0)

3 (5.0)