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Table 1 Characteristics of study variables by gender and frequency of spicy food eating

From: Spicy food consumption is associated with adiposity measures among half a million Chinese people: the China Kadoorie Biobank study

 

Male (n = 179,462)

Female (n = 255,094)

 

Never (n = 100,604)

1-2 d/wk (n = 12,813)

3-5 d/wk (n = 11,408)

Daily (n = 54,637)

Never (n = 149,106)

1-2 d/wk (n = 15,422)

3-5 d/wk (n = 13,999)

Daily (n = 76,567)

Age (year)

53.0 (0.03)

49.3 (0.09)

49.2 (0.10)

51.1 (0.05)

51.8 (0.03)

48.0 (0.08)

48.1 (0.09)

48.6 (0.04)

Study area (%)a

        

Rural

47.7 (0.2)

40.1 (0.4)

39.0 (0.5)

81.8 (0.2)

45.2 (0.1)

40.5 (0.4)

40.9 (0.4)

81.1 (0.1)

Urban

52.3 (0.2)

59.9 (0.4)

61.0 (0.5)

18.2 (0.2)

54.8 (0.1)

59.5 (0.4)

59.1 (0.4)

18.9 (0.1)

Education level (%)b

        

Illiterate and Elementary

42.7 (0.2)

39.9 (0.4)

39.5 (0.4)

40.5 (0.2)

57.4 (0.1)

53.3 (0.3)

52.5 (0.4)

53.7 (0.2)

Middle school

32.6 (0.2)

32.5 (0.4)

33.6 (0.4)

34.0 (0.3)

25.1 (0.1)

26.2 (0.3)

27.3 (0.4)

27.8 (0.2)

High school and above

24.8 (0.1)

27.5 (0.3)

26.9 (0.4)

25.5 (0.2)

17.5 (0.1)

20.5 (0.3)

20.2 (0.3)

18.5 (0.2)

Physical activity (MET-hours/day)b

22.4 (0.05)

22.1 (0.12)

22.4 (0.13)

22.5 (0.08)

20.3 (0.03)

20.7 (0.09)

21.1 (0.09)

20.9 (0.05)

Alcohol use (%)b

        

Nondrinker

24.2 (0.17)

17.6 (0.35)

15.2 (0.35)

13.5 (0.15)

66.7 (0.12)

58.6 (0.33)

56.9 (0.35)

56.6 (0.20)

Ex-regular drinker

8.4 (0.11)

7.7 (0.26)

7.3 (0.27)

6.8 (0.13)

0.7 (0.03)

0.9 (0.08)

1.0 (0.09)

0.9 (0.03)

Occasional drinker

40.0 (0.18)

37.4 (0.42)

35.9 (0.44)

32.1 (0.25)

31.4 (0.12)

38.1 (0.32)

38.9 (0.34)

38.8 (0.19)

Regular drinker

27.4 (0.14)

37.3 (0.40)

41.6 (0.44)

47.6 (0.28)

1.2 (0.03)

2.4 (0.12)

3.1 (0.14)

3.7 (0.10)

Tobacco use (%)b

        

Nonsmoker

17.8 (0.15)

13.5 (0.31)

12.2 (0.31)

10.1 (0.16)

96.4 (0.05)

95.1 (0.16)

94.3 (0.18)

94.3 (0.09)

Ex-regular smoker

13.3 (0.11)

12.4 (0.30)

12.2 (0.32)

11.8 (0.20)

0.7 (0.02)

0.7 (0.07)

0.9 (0.08)

0.9 (0.04)

Occasional smoker

13.1 (0.13)

11.9 (0.30)

11.1 (0.30)

8.8 (0.15)

1.3 (0.04)

2.2 (0.12)

2.3 (0.12)

2.1 (0.06)

Regular smoker

55.8 (0.18)

62.1 (0.44)

64.5 (0.45)

69.3 (0.26)

1.6 (0.04)

1.9 (0.11)

2.4 (0.12)

2.8 (0.07)

Strength of spicy food eating (%)b

        

Weak

        

Moderate

NA

48.2 (0.4)

35.8 (0.4)

17.9 (0.2)

NA

52.9 (0.4)

40.4 (0.3)

19.5 (0.2)

Strong

NA

34.8 (0.5)

35.7 (0.5)

38.8 (0.2)

NA

34.2 (0.5)

34.4 (0.4)

38.0 (0.2)

Duration of spicy food eating (%)b

NA

17.1 (0.5)

28.5 (0.4)

43.3 (0.2)

NA

12.9 (0.5)

25.1 (0.4)

42.4 (0.2)

Age started to eat spicy food regularly (year)

NA

18.4 (0.08)

17.8 (0.08)

15.5 (0.04)

NA

18.0 (0.07)

16.8 (0.07)

14.0 (0.03)

Number of years of eating spicy food#

NA

32.1 (0.08)

32.8 (0.08)

35.0 (0.04)

NA

30.5 (0.07)

31.7 (0.07)

34.5 (0.03)

Years of eating spicy food-to-age ratio (%)#

NA

57.2 (0.2)

58.5 (0.2)

63.4 (0.1)

NA

56.9 (0.1)

59.4 (0.1)

65.5 (0.1)

  1. Data are presented as adjusted mean (SE) or percentage (SE). Adjusted means and proportions were calculated by using multiple linear regression and multinomial logistic regression models, respectively. All P-heterogeneity and P-trend across subgroups are <0.001.
  2. aadjusted for age; b, adjusted for age and survey sites; #sample size are 788,853 in males and 105,982 in females.
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