Table 2 The effect of suboptimal breastfeeding on selected outcomes during infancy

Pneumonia Incidence

Exclusive

1.79 (1.29-2.48)[27]

2.48 (0.23-27.15)[27]

2.07 (0.19-22.64)[27]

-

-

Pneumonia Prevalence

Exclusive

1.13 (0.25-5.16)[18]

5.45 (1.35-21.97)[18]

5.61 (1.23-25.53)[18]

-

-

Predominant

4.81 (2.54-9.14)[18]

4.96 (2.07-11.88)[18]

Partial

1.03 (0.54-1.95)[18]

Pneumonia Mortality

Exclusive

1.66 (0.53-5.23)[19, 20]

2.50 (1.03-6.04)[19, 20]

14.97 (0.67-332.74)[19, 20]

Predominant

1.37 (0.50-3.78)[20]

13.0 (4.03-42.02)[20]

1.40 (0.91-2.15)[21, 22]

2.11 (1.50-2.96)[21, 22]

Partial

9.47 (2.85-31.47)[20]

1.31 (0.9-1.9)[22]

All-Cause Mortality

Exclusive

1.48 (1.14-1.92)[19, 20, 25]

2.84 (1.63-4.97)[19, 20, 25]

14.40 (6.13-33.86)[19, 20]

-

^-

Predominant

1.69 (1.10-2.61)[20]

8.08 (4.45-14.69)[20]

Partial

4.77 (2.65-8.61)[20]

Pneumonia Hospitalization

Exclusive

1.49 (0.80-2.79)[20]

1.54 (0.80-2.98)[20]

4.06 (1.48-11.14)[20]

Predominant

1.04 (0.66-1.62)[20]

2.72 (1.12-6.61)[20]

3.44 (1.60-7.37)[26]

8.99 (4.59-17.59)[26]

Partial

2.63 (1.06-6.53)[20]

2.62 (1.69-4.04)[26]

Any

4.32 (2.95-6.33)[26]

All-Cause Hospitalization

Exclusive

1.98 (1.25-3.12)[20]

1.88 (1.16-3.04)[20]

6.03 (3.18-11.44)[20]

-

-

Predominant

0.95 (0.71-1.28)[20]

3.05 (1.82-5.11)[20]

Partial

3.21 (1.88-5.49)[20]