Metabolic abnormalities in adult HIV infected population on antiretroviral medication in Malaysia: a cross-sectional survey

Table 4 Risk factors for increased total cholesterol (TC) level in 1582 HIV subjects (normal = 725, increased TC = 857) on ARV medication

Characteristics	Normal	Increased TC	aOR	95.0 C.I. for OR		p-value
	Mean ± S.D.	Mean ± S.D.		Lower	Upper
	N (%)	N (%)		Lower	Upper
Age (year)
Mean ± SD	43.87 ± 10.09	44.88 ± 9.65	1.010	1.000	1.021	0.043
Gender
Male	608 (83.9)	665 (77.6)	1.00
Female	117 (16.1)	192 (22.4)	1.500	1.163	1.936	0.002
Hypertension
No	565 (81.6)	621 (75.5)	1.00
Yes	127 (18.4)	201 (24.5)	1.440	1.122	1.848	0.004
ARV medication
Without PI	649 (91.3)	731 (87.0)	1.00
With PI	62 (8.7)	109 (13.0)	1.561	1.123	2.169	0.008
Viral load (copies/mL)
≥20	115 (15.9)	98 (11.4)	1.00
<20	610 (84.1)	759 (88.6)	1.460	1.093	1.951	0.010
LDL (mmol/l)	2.37 ± 0.72	3.57 ± 0.97	6.977	5.705	8.534	0.001
<3.36	705 (97.4)	317 (37.2)	1.00
≥3.36	19 (2.6)	536 (62.8)	20.150	12.928	31.406	0.001
TG (mmol/l)	2.03 ± 1.29	2.73 ± 2.09	1.312	1.220	1.412	0.001
<5.17	363 (50.1)	283 (33.1)	1.00
≥5.17	361 (49.9)	571 (66.9)	2.029	1.655	2.487	0.001
HDL (mmol/l)	1.31 ± 0.70	1.32 ± 0.40	1.034	0.866	1.234	0.714
Low	256 (35.6)	196 (22.9)	1.00
Normal^§	466 (64.4)	661 (77.1)	1.867	1.498	2.327	0.001
Hepatitis
No	612 (84.4)	781 (91.1)	1.00
Yes	113 (15.6)	76 (8.9)	0.527	0.387	0.718	0.001

^§ ≥1.03 (Male) and ≥1.30 (Female). ARV: Antiretroviral. Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, CD4, HIV RNA Load, TG, LDL, HDL, FPG, alcohol consumption, smoking, liver disease, medication with agents including ARV (PI), b-blocker, anti-hyperglycemic. aOR Adjusted odds ratio.

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