Metabolic abnormalities in adult HIV infected population on antiretroviral medication in Malaysia: a cross-sectional survey

Table 3 Risk factors for increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level in 1578 HIV subjects (normal = 1023, increased LDL-C = 555) on ARV medication

Characteristics	Normal	Increased LDL	aOR	95.0 C.I. for OR		p-value
	Mean ± S.D.	Mean ± S.D.		Lower	Upper
	N (%)	N (%)		Lower	Upper
Ethnicity
Malay	703 (69.3)	317 (57.4)	1.00
Chinese	214 (21.1)	175 (31.7)	0.551	0.434	0.701	0.001
Indian	98 (9.7)	60 (10.9)	0.749	0.513	1.093	0.134
Hypertension
No	785 (80.5)	400 (74.6)	1.00
Yes	190 (19.5)	136 (25.4)	1.405	1.093	1.805	0.008
TG (mmol/l)	2.54 ± 2.00	2.14 ± 1.14	0.858	0.800	0.920	0.001
<3.36	413 (40.4)	233 (42.0)	1.00
≥3.36	609 (59.6)	322 (58.0)	0.937	0.760	1.156	0.545
TC (mmol/l)	4.74 ± 1.00	6.26 ± 1.09	6.468	5.319	7.866	0.001
<5.17	705 (69.0)	19 (3.4)
>5.17	317 (31.0)	536 (96.6)	2.620	2.399	2.861	0.001
HDL (mmol/l)	1.31 ± 0.65	1.33 ± 0.33	1.049	0.876	1.257	0.602
Low	349 (34.1)	101 (18.2)	1.00
Normal^§	673 (65.9)	454 (81.8)	2.331	1.813	2.997	0.001
Hepatitis
No	882 (86.2)	507 (91.4)	1.00
Yes	141 (13.8)	48 (8.6)	0.592	0.419	0.836	0.003

^§ ≥1.03 (Male) and ≥1.30 (Female). Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, CD4, HIV RNA Load, TC, TG, HDL, FPG, alcohol consumption, smoking, liver disease, medication with agents including ARV (PI), b-blocker, anti-hyperglycemic. aOR Adjusted odds ratio.

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