|  |  | Breastfeeding practice |  | Clusters based on leisure preference and participation |  | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statement constraints | Chronbach α | Total (N = 415) | Breastfeeding directly (N = 177) | All other practices (N = 238) | t-value | Action group (N = 231) | Contemplation group (N = 184) | t value |
Intrapersonal constraints | .862 | 2.12 | 2.13 | 2.11 | -.240 | 2.05 | 2.20 | −2.324* |
 Lack of interest |  | 2.52 | 2.41 | 2.60 | 1.655 | 2.37 | 2.71 | −3.019** |
 Lack of confidence |  | 1.96 | 2.00 | 1.93 | -.813 | 1.87 | 2.08 | −2.437* |
 Afraid of going out alone |  | 2.07 | 2.19 | 1.98 | −1.936 | 2.04 | 2.10 | -.503 |
 Health concern |  | 1.93 | 1.97 | 1.90 | -.790 | 1.91 | 1.96 | -.599 |
 Difficult to get along with others |  | 1.70 | 1.75 | 1.66 | −1.256 | 1.65 | 1.75 | −1.387 |
 Unpleasant experience |  | 1.97 | 1.99 | 1.94 | .530 | 1.93 | 2.01 | -.845 |
 Not satisfied with self-body image |  | 2.00 | 2.03 | 1.98 | -.486 | 1.95 | 2.08 | −1.320 |
 Poor physical fitness |  | 2.50 | 2.48 | 2.51 | .258 | 2.44 | 2.57 | −1.126 |
 Lack of skill |  | 2.41 | 2.36 | 2.44 | .701 | 2.27 | 2.59 | −2.952** |
Interpersonal constraints | .887 | 2.54 | 2.54 | 2.53 | -.100 | 2.54 | 2.53 | .106 |
 My family/friends oppose |  | 2.15 | 2.14 | 2.15 | .055 | 2.09 | 2.22 | −1.196 |
 No partner |  | 2.75 | 2.76 | 2.73 | .230 | 2.72 | 2.79 | -.581 |
 My partners are too busy at work |  | 2.64 | 2.67 | 2.60 | .631 | 2.66 | 2.62 | .319 |
 My partner are not available |  | 2.26 | 2.26 | 2.26 | -.075 | 2.31 | 2.19 | 1.295 |
 My partners have difficulty traveling |  | 2.31 | 2.38 | 2.26 | −1.164 | 2.32 | 2.31 | .128 |
 My partners do not have time |  | 3.12 | 3.14 | 3.09 | -.424 | 3.10 | 3.14 | -.343 |
 My partners’ interests are different |  | 2.69 | 2.68 | 2.69 | .142 | 2.75 | 2.61 | 1.393 |
 My partners do not have such leisure skills |  | 2.39 | 2.39 | 2.38 | -.040 | 2.38 | 2.40 | -.187 |
Structural constraints | .824 | 3.07 | 3.00 | 3.11 | 1.480 | 3.05 | 3.09 | -.548 |
 Weather issues |  | 3.23 | 3.28 | 3.20 | -.786 | 3.34 | 3.10 | 2.144* |
 Taking care of family members |  | 3.89 | 3.84 | 3.94 | .955 | 3.91 | 3.87 | .395 |
 Too many chores |  | 3.22 | 3.10 | 3.30 | 1.753 | 3.15 | 3.29 | −1.198 |
 Too much work |  | 2.79 | 2.41 | 3.07 | 6.003*** | 2.72 | 2.89 | −1.498 |
 Lack of transportation |  | 2.59 | 2.65 | 2.55 | -.896 | 2.59 | 2.60 | -.030 |
 Lack of information |  | 2.38 | 2.34 | 2.41 | .711 | 2.32 | 2.45 | −1.300 |
 Lack of money |  | 2.68 | 2.79 | 2.61 | −1560 | 2.70 | 2.66 | .392 |
 Too crowded and too noisy |  | 3.06 | 3.03 | 3.08 | -.385 | 2.98 | 3.15 | −1.463 |
 Lack of time |  | 3.63 | 3.43 | 3.78 | 3.105** | 3.63 | 3.64 | -.104 |
 Lack of space/facilities |  | 3.18 | 3.18 | 3.18 | -.007 | 3.15 | 3.23 | -.696 |
Nursing-related constraints | .873 | 3.51 | 3.44 | 3.56 | 1.446 | 3.42 | 3.62 | −2.514* |
 Concern with babies’ health |  | 3.42 | 3.38 | 3.44 | .506 | 3.37 | 3.47 | -.846 |
 Babies too attached to mothers |  | 3.76 | 3.91 | 3.65 | −2.323* | 3.75 | 3.78 | -.265 |
 No other family members could help with taking care of the babies |  | 3.00 | 3.10 | 2.92 | −1.345 | 2.92 | 3.09 | −1.303 |
 Leisure activities not appropriate for children |  | 3.96 | 3.94 | 3.97 | .383 | 3.95 | 3.97 | -.138 |
 Unfriendly nursing environment in leisure activities place/recreation space |  | 3.87 | 3.73 | 3.98 | 2.232* | 3.75 | 4.04 | −2.676** |
 Feel guilty to bother other family members to take care of babies |  | 3.80 | 3.67 | 3.89 | 1.970 | 3.75 | 3.86 | −1.005 |
 No or insufficient breastfeeding rooms in leisure activities place/recreation space |  | 3.78 | 3.64 | 3.89 | 2.169* | 3.64 | 3.95 | −3.033** |
 Difficulty accessing breastfeeding rooms |  | 3.78 | 3.61 | 3.90 | 2.489* | 2.54 | 2.90 | −2.797** |
 Embarrassment being outdoors and in others’ views |  | 2.70 | 2.65 | 2.74 | .701 | 2.88 | 3.14 | −3.110** |
 Traditional myths from older generation |  | 3.00 | 2.77 | 3.17 | 3.079** | 2.86 | 3.07 | −2.015* |