Table 2 Summary of pooled relative risks of different health outcomes due to air pollution

Mortality

All causes[25–40]

1.0031 ^R*

5

1.0140 ^R*

17

1.0071 ^R*

9

1.0042 ^F*

6

Cardiovascular diseases[25–37, 39, 41]

1.0049 ^R*

7

1.0162 ^R*

22

1.0072 ^R*

17

1.0051 ^R*

13

Respiratory diseases[25–27, 30–33, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43]

1.0057 ^R*

9

1.0220 ^R*

33

1.0129 ^R*

36

1.0048 ^F*

14

Cardiopulmonary diseases[34, 39, 43]

1.0034 ^F*

6

1.0155 ^R*

54

1.0123 ^F*

15

1.0023 ^F

15

Cardiac diseases[30, 31, 34, 39]

1.0062 ^R*

15

1.0177 ^F*

23

1.0182 ^R*

41

1.0026 ^R

31

Cerebrovascular diseases[30, 31, 34, 36, 39]

1.0057 ^R*

18

1.0147 ^R*

39

1.0079 ^F*

26

1.0057 ^R*

29

Ischemia heart diseases[36, 44]

0.9963

52

1.0130 ^R

118

1.0280*

82

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases[28–31, 45]

1.0065 ^R

41

1.0184 ^R*

58

1.0095 ^R*

43

1.0071 ^R

39

Influenza and pneumonia[31, 34]

1.0105 ^F*

33

1.0175 ^F *

49

1.0235 ^F *

70

1.0054^F

45

Non-cardiopulmonary[31, 34, 39]

1.0028 ^F*

6

1.0094 ^R*

19

1.0076 ^F*

16

1.0025 ^F*

10

Cancer[28, 29, 43]

1.0031*

15

1.0020 ^R

14

Diabetes[46]

1.0060

31

1.0130

66

1.0110

320

Accidental[31, 34]

1.0015 ^F

22

1.0000 ^F

46

0.9988 ^F

56

1.0005 ^R

59

Hospital admissions

All causes[47]

0.9972

17

1.0014

49

1.0003

34

Cardiovascular diseases[31, 47]

1.0021 ^R*

10

1.0095 ^F*

21

1.0079 ^R*

43

1.0024

11

Respiratory diseases[31, 47]

1.0039 ^R

22

1.0060 ^R*

24

1.0014 ^F

15

1.0081*

12

Cardiac diseases[31]

1.0058*

11

1.0100*

13

1.0098*

21

1.0012

13

Cerebrovascular diseases[31, 48]

0.9981 ^R

40

1.0032 ^F

21

0.9986 ^F

31

0.9994 ^F

19

Ischemia heart diseases[31, 48]

1.0065 ^F*

20

1.0142 ^R

74

1.0102 ^F*

36

1.0024 ^F

21

Asthma[31]

1.0077 ^F*

24

1.0094 ^F*

31

0.9992 ^F

47

1.0162 ^F*

30

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases[31]

1.0132*

17

1.0194*

20

1.0070*

31

1.0154*

19

Influenza and pneumonia[31]

1.0066*

20

1.0076*

24

1.0009

38

1.0109*

23

Pneumonia[48]

1.0006

47

1.0071

84

1.0062

146

1.0081

81

Acute respiratory diseases[31]

1.0088*

20

1.0122*

25

1.0055

38

1.0155*

22

Emergency admissions

Cardiovascular diseases[49]

1.0060*

26

1.0130*

36

1.0160*

51

Respiratory diseases[49]

1.0130*

41

Ischemia heart diseases[49, 50]

1.0070

41

1.0100

51

1.0100

77

Cerebrovascular diseases[49]

1.0030

36

1.0080

51

0.9920

46

Cardiac diseases[50]

1.0050*

20

1.0120*

26

1.0160*

31

1.0045*

21

Heart failure[49]

1.0360*

117

Asthma[51]

1.0060*

20

1.0090*

26

1.0040

36

1.0150*

20

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases[51]

1.0050*

10

1.0090*

20

1.0070

36

1.0110*

15

Emergency room visit

All causes[52]

1.0002

5

1.0070*

14

1.0023

10

Cardiovascular diseases[53, 54]

1.0030

15

1.0140

71

1.0140*

51

Respiratory diseases[55, 56]

1.0011

23

1.0050

38

1.0010

20

Ischemia heart diseases[53]

1.0010

46

Cerebrovascular diseases[50]

1.0010

31

Heart failure[50]

1.0120

97

Cardiac arrhythmias[50]

1.0020

51

Hypertension[57, 58]

1.0188

69

1.0689

286

1.0370*

173

Acute upper respiratory infections[55]

1.0130*

20

1.0320*

77

1.0180*

46

Acute pharyngitis[55]

1.0120*

46

1.0300

168

1.0170

102

Adverse birth outcomes

Stillbirth[59]

1.0200

153

1.0053

163

1.0076

39

1.0051

130

Preterm birth[60]

1.0442*

144

1.0543*

186

1.1189*

265

1.0463*

218

Low birth weight – 3rd trimester[61]

1.0110*

26

Low birth weight – entire pregnancy[62]

1.0087

46