Table 4 Univariate analysis of characteristics associated with VL-malaria co-infections, Sudan (2005-2010)
Variable | Cases n(%) | Controls n(%) | Crude Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 404 | 870 | ||
Male | 212 (52.5) | 501 (57.6) | 1 | |
Female | 192 (47.5) | 369 (42.4) | 1.23 | 0.97-1.56* |
Age | 400 | 853 | ||
<5 years | 120 (30.0) | 176 (20.6) | 1.53 | 1.05-2.24* |
5-9 years | 77 (19.3) | 180 (21.1) | 0.96 | 0.64-1.44 |
10-19 years | 92 (23.0) | 225 (26.4) | 0.92 | 0.62-1.35 |
20-29 years | 50 (12.5) | 135 (15.8) | 0.83 | 0.53-1.30 |
≥30 years | 61 (15.3) | 137 (16.1) | 1 | |
Treatment center | 404 | 882 | ||
Gedarif Teaching Hospital | 18 (4.4) | 450 (51.0) | 1 | |
Tabarakallah Hospital | 84 (20.8) | 237 (26.9) | 8.86 | 5.20-15.10* |
Al`Azaza kala-azar Clinic | 302 (74.8) | 195 (22.1) | 38.72 | 23.38-64.11* |
Season | 398 | 863 | ||
Dry season | 232 (58.3) | 528 (61.2) | 1 | |
Wet season | 166 (41.7) | 335 (38.8) | 1.13 | 0.89-1.44 |
Previous anti-leishmanial treatment | 389 | 860 | ||
No | 373 (95.9) | 806 (93.7) | 1 | |
Yes | 16 (4.1) | 54 (6.3) | 0.64 | 0.36-1.13 |
Previous anti-malarial treatment | 396 | 864 | ||
No | 277 (70.0) | 604 (69.9) | 1 | |
Yes | 119 (30.0) | 260 (30.1) | 1.00 | 0.77-1.29 |
Malnutrition | 322 | 575 | ||
None | 262 (81.4) | 497 (86.4) | 1 | |
Mild | 17 (5.3) | 25 (4.3) | 1.29 | 0.68-2.43 |
Moderate | 29 (9.0) | 41 (7.1) | 1.34 | 0.82-2.21 |
Severe | 14 (4.4) | 12 (2.1) | 2.21 | 1.01-4.85* |
Anemia degree on admission | 374 | 725 | ||
Median Hb (inter-quartile range) | 7.0 (6.5-8.0) | 8.0 (7.0-9.0) | ||
None-mild (Hb ≥7.3 g/dl) | 182 (48.7) | 445 (61.4) | 1 | |
Moderate (Hb 5.3-7.2 g/dl) | 149 (39.8) | 210 (29.0) | 1.73 | 1.32-2.28* |
Severe (Hb <5.3 g/dl) | 43 (11.5) | 70 (9.7) | 1.50 | 0.99-2.28* |
Spleen size | 238 | 563 | ||
Median (inter-quartile range) | 4.0 (2.0-6.0) | 5.0 (2.0-8.0) | ||
0-3 cm | 94 (39.5) | 150 (26.6) | 1 | |
4-5 cm | 79 (33.2) | 141 (25.0) | 0.89 | 0.61-1.30 |
≥6 cm | 65 (27.3) | 272 (48.3) | 0.38 | 0.26-0.55* |
Infection intensity in lymph node aspirate | 377 | 447 | ||
+1 | 339 (89.9) | 418 (93.5) | 1 | |
+2 | 24 (6.4) | 20 (4.5) | 1.48 | 0.80-2.72 |
+3 | 11 (2.9) | 8 (1.8) | 1.70 | 0.67-4.26 |
+4 | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.2) | 3.70 | 0.38-35.72 |
Infection intensity in bone marrow aspirate | 16 | 248 | ||
+1 | 15 (93.8) | 244 (98.4) | 1 | |
+2 | 1 (6.2) | 4 (1.6) | 4.07 | 0.43-38.68 |
Symptoms | 404 | 880 | ||
Hepatomegaly | 19 (4.7) | 128 (14.5) | 0.29 | 0.18-0.48* |
Jaundice | 19 (4.7) | 15 (1.7) | 2.85 | 1.43-5.66* |
Weight loss | 278 (68.8) | 370 (42.0) | 3.04 | 2.37-3.90* |