Table 6 Health consequences of MNDs
MND | Health consequence | Effect size (SD where available) | Persistent effect | Numbering in Figures 4, 5 and 6 | Source | Source systematic review |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IDA | Share of anemia caused by iron deficiency | 60% | Not applicable | 6.1 | No | |
Cognitive impairment and motor development | Moderate or severe IDA in 6-23-month-old children: Cognitive score in adults reduced by 9 points (on a scale with mean 100 and SD 15) | Yes | 6.2 | [43] | No | |
Low physical activity | Moderate or severe IDA: All children | No | 6.3 | No | ||
All-cause mortality | Moderate IDA: No effects | Yes | 6.4 | [52] | Yes | |
Severe IDA: RR of 2.21 | ||||||
VAD | Diarrhea | RR of 1.18 (1.15, 1.22) | No | 6.5 | [47] | Yes |
Measles | RR of 2.00 (1.49, 2.70) | No | 6.6 | [47] | Yes | |
All-cause mortality | RR of 1.32 (1.20, 1.45) | Yes | 6.7 | [47] | Yes | |
ZnD | Stunting | Children 24–59 months: Height for age z-score is reduced by 0.17 | Yes | 6.8 | [15] | Yes |
Diarrhea | RR of 1.25 (1.11, 1.41) | No | 6.9 | [15] | Yes | |
Respiratory diseases | RR of 1.18 (1.03, 1.33) | No | 6.10 | [15] | Yes | |
All-cause mortality | RR: 0.95 (0.81, 1.11). The model thus assumes no effect of ZnD on mortality. | Yes | 6.11 | [15] | Yes |