Table 3 The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (IBM-WASH)
Levels | Contextual factors | Psychosocial factors | Technology factors |
|---|---|---|---|
Societal/Structural | Policy and regulations, climate and geography | Leadership/advocacy, cultural identity | Manufacturing, financing, and distribution of the product; current and past national policies and promotion of products |
Community | Access to markets, access to resources, built and physical environment | Shared values, collective efficacy, social integration, stigma | Location, access, availability, individual vs. collective ownership/access, and maintenance of the product |
Interpersonal/Household | Roles and responsibilities, household structure, division of labour, available space | Injunctive norms, descriptive norms, aspirations, shame, nurture | Sharing of access to product, modelling/demonstration of use of product |
Individual | Wealth, age, education, gender, livelihoods/employment | Self-efficacy, knowledge, disgust, perceived threat | Perceived cost, value, convenience, and other strengths and weaknesses of the product |
Habitual | Favourable environment for habit formation, opportunity for and barriers to repetition of behaviour | Existing water and sanitation habits, outcome expectations | Ease/Effectiveness of routine use of product |