Table 4 Baseline medical and lifestyle factors
Medical or lifestyle factor | All Persons | Males | Females | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Medical | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Type of diabetes | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Type 1 | 4.8% | 4.5% | 5.2% | 0.256 |
   Type 2 | 95.2% | 95.5% | 94.8% |  |
Length of diagnosis | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   2 years or less | 25.5% | 25.4% | 25.6% | 0.298 |
   3 to 8 years ago | 57.5% | 56.7% | 58.3% |  |
   More than 8 years ago | 17.0% | 17.8% | 16.1% |  |
Diet only treated diabetes | 4.1% | 3.8%% | 4.4% | 0.372 |
Current oral hypoglycaemic agents | 69.7% | 71.8% | 67.7% | 0.005 |
Insulin requiring | 21.6% | 22.7% | 20.2% | 0.055 |
HbA1c Levels | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   7.0% or lower | 48.7% | 48.2% | 49.2% |  |
   7.1%-8.0% | 21.7% | 22.4% | 20.8% | 0.070 |
   Over 8.0% | 14.3% | 15.1% | 13.3% |  |
   Don't know | 15.4% | 14.3% | 16.7% |  |
Lipid-lowering agents | 52.1% | 52.8% | 51.0% | 0.224 |
Antihypertensive therapy | 57.3% | 57.9% | 56.6% | 0.412 |
Current depression | 38.5% | 35.7% | 41.8% | < 0.001 |
Diabetes Complications | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Eye disease | 23.3% | 23.7% | 22.8% | 0.500 |
Kidney disease | 6.2% | 6.8% | 5.5% | 0.090 |
Neuropathy | 8.8% | 9.4% | 8.2% | 0.192 |
Erectile dysfunction | - | 41.4% | - | - |
Foot ulcers | 2.1% | 2.6% | 1.5% | 0.017 |
Heart diseasea | 15.4% | 19.4% | 10.6% | < 0.001 |
Stroke or transient ischaemic attack | 5.1% | 6.0% | 3.9% | 0.003 |
Behavioural lifestyle | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Inadequate fruit consumption | 39.5% | 43.4% | 34.8% | < 0.001 |
Inadequate vegetable consumption | 87.2% | 90.1% | 83.6% | < 0.001 |
Insufficient physical activityb | 50.7% | 45.2% | 57.3% | < 0.001 |
Current smokers | 10.5% | 10.7% | 10.2% | 0.619 |
Risky alcohol consumers | 6.6% | 8.5% | 4.6% | < 0.001 |
BMI (mean = 31.1 ± 6.9 kg/m2) |  |  |  |  |
   Underweight | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.9% | < 0.001 |
   Normal | 16.4% | 15.7% | 17.3% |  |
   Overweight | 33.3% | 39.2% | 25.9% |  |
   Obese or morbidly obese | 49.7% | 44.9% | 55.8% |  |