Table 2 Oaxaca Multivariate Decomposition of Language-related Disparities in the Presence of Type-2 Diabetes and Its Ocular Complications
From: Language barrier and its relationship to diabetes and diabetic retinopathy
Presence of Type-2 Diabetes | Presence of DR among those with diabetes | Presence of VTDR among those with diabetes | Presence of VI among those with diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Prediction (95%CI) | Prediction (95%CI) | Prediction (95%CI) | Prediction (95%CI) | |
Prevalence in English-speaking Indians | 35.0% (33.0 to 36.9%) | 30.1% (26.8 to 33.3%) | 6.3% (4.6 to 8.0%) | 16.7% (14.1 to 19.4%) |
Prevalence in Tamil-speaking Indians | 46.5% (43.2 to 49.9%) | 36.1% (31.3 to 41.0%) | 11.1% (8.1 to 14.2%) | 33.7% (28.8 to 38.4%) |
Difference | −11.6% (−15.5 to −7.6%) | −6.1% (−11.9 to −0.3%) | −4.9% (−8.4 to −1.3%) | −17.0% (−22.4 to −11.4%) |
Explained | −8.4% (−11.3 to −5.7%) | −3.1% (−7.1 to −1.0%) | −1.2% (−3.3 to −0.9%) | −8.3% (−12.2 to −5.1%) |
Unexplained | −3.2% (−7.7 to −1.4%) | −3.0% (−9.2 to −3.2%) | −3.7% (−7.5 to −0.2%) | −8.7% (−14.7 to −1.8%) |
Contribution of separate factors in explaining the explained proportion | ||||
Demographic factors | ||||
Age (year) | −3.4% (−5.1 to −1.6%) | 7.3% (2.2 to 12.3%) | 2.6% (0.06 to 5.3%) | −4.0% (−6.9 to −0.9%) |
Gender (female vs. male) | 1.9% (0.9 to 2.9%) | 3.7% (1.0 to 6.3%) | 0.9% (−0.3 to 2.1%) | 1.2% (−1.2 to 3.0%) |
Systemic biological factors | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.6% (−1.2 to 0.03%) | 0.01% (−0.3 to 0.4%) | 0.01% (−0.1 to 0.1%) | 0.01% (−0.2 to 0.2%) |
SBP (mmHg) | −3.5% (−4.7 to −2.2%) | −3.1% (−5.1 to −1.1%) | −0.6% (−1.4 to 0.1%) | −0.2% (−0.7 to 1.3%) |
DBP (mmHg) | −0.8% (−1.4 to −0.2%) | −1.5% (−2.8 to −0.2%) | −0.5% (−1.1 to 0.1%) | −0.5% (−1.1 to 0.4%) |
HDL (mmol/l) | 0.3% (−0.02 to 0.6%) | −0.6% (−1.4 to 0.2%) | −0.1% (−0.5 to 0.2%) | −0.6% (−1.2 to 0.1%) |
LDL (mmol/l) | −1.4% (−2.2 to −0.6%) | −0.4% (−1.0 to 0.2%) | 0.1% (−0.2 to 0.2%) | 0.3% (−0.2 to 0.8%) |
Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 0.7% (0.2 to 1.1%) | −0.1% (−0.9 to 0.7%) | 0.1% (−0.4 to 0.5%) | 0.2% (−0.4 to 0.9%) |
Hba1c (%) | - | 0.9% (−0.3 to 2.2%) | 0.2% (−0.01 to 0.6%) | 0.2% (−0.1 to 0.7%) |
Duration of diabetes (year) | - | −5.1% (−7.5 to −2.7%) | −1.7% (−3.1 to −0.3%) | −0.5% (−1.2 to 0.2%) |
Health related behaviors | ||||
Smoking | −0.3% (−0.6 to 0.04%) | −0.2% (−0.5 to 0.2%) | −0.1% (−0.4 to 0.1) | 0.01% (−0.2 to 0.3%) |
Alcohol | −0.01% (−1.2 to 1.0%) | 0.2% (−0.6 to 1.1%) | −0.1% (−0.4 to 0.2) | −0.3% (−0.9 to 0.5%) |
Acculturation factors | ||||
Country of birth | 2.1% (0.4 to 3.7%) | −0.5% (−2.5 to 1.4%) | 0.1% (−0.9 to 0.9%) | −0.1% (−2.6 to 1.1%) |
Duration of residency (year) | −1.9% (−4.0 to 0.01%) | −0.3% (−1.3 to 0.8%) | 0.1% (−0.4 to 0.6%) | −0.2% (−1.1 to 0.7%) |
Socioeconomic factors | ||||
Reading literacy | 0.4% (−0.4 to 1.4%) | −0.9% (−2.5 to 0.7%) | −0.2% (−0.7 to 0.6%) | −2.0% (−3.3 to −0.7%) |
Education | −0.9% (−2.5 to 1.0%) | 1.3% (−1.7 to 4.3%) | 0.3% (−1.1 to 1.9%) | −1.1% (−4.0 to 1.3%) |
Income | −0.4% (−2.0 to 0.9%) | −2.2% (−4.7 to −0.2%) | −1.4% (−3.0 to −0.2%) | −0.6% (−5.8 to −0.1%) |
Housing type | −0.5% (−1.3 to 0.4%) | −1.7% (−3.2 to −0.01%) | −1.0% (−1.8 to −0.2%) | −0.3% (−2.2 to 0.7%) |