From: The role of tobacco promoting and restraining factors in smoking intentions among Ghanaian youth
Indicators | Smoking intentions | χ2 | df | P-value (2-tailed) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | (N = 971) | (N = 299) |  |  |  |
 | No (%) | Yes (%) |  |  |  |
Smoking status | Â | Â | 55.2 | 1 | <0.001 |
Ever smokers | 43 | 57 | Â | Â | Â |
Never smokers | 79 | 21 | Â | Â | Â |
Gender | Â | Â | 0.0 | 1 | 0.987 |
Boys | 77 | 23 | Â | Â | Â |
Girls | 77 | 23 | Â | Â | Â |
Age | Â | Â | 1.4 | 3 | 0.707 |
12-14 years | 75 | 25 |  |  |  |
15-16 years | 77 | 23 |  |  |  |
17-18 years | 78 | 22 |  |  |  |
19-20 years | 74 | 26 |  |  |  |
Environmental and familial indicators | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Smoking allowed on school compound | Â | Â | 18.9 | 2 | <0.001 |
Yes | 56.2 | 43.8 | Â | Â | Â |
No | 78.2 | 21.8 | Â | Â | Â |
Don’t know | 60.9 | 39.1 |  |  |  |
Taught harmful effects of smoking in school | Â | Â | 4.3 | 2 | 0.119 |
Yes | 78.0 | 22.0 | Â | Â | Â |
No | 76.3 | 23.7 | Â | Â | Â |
Not sure | 67.6 | 32.4 | Â | Â | Â |
Refused cigarette sale due to age | Â | Â | 1.8 | 2 | 0.185 |
I never tried to buy tobacco | 79.7 | 20.3 | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 49.3 | 50.7 | Â | Â | Â |
No | 59.8 | 40.2 | Â | Â | Â |
Exposure to tobacco advertisement | Â | Â | 13.4 | 1 | <0.001 |
Yes | 72.3 | 27.7 | Â | Â | Â |
No | 81.0 | 19.0 | Â | Â | Â |
Parental smoking | Â | Â | 22.3 | 2 | <0.001 |
None | 79.2 | 20.8 | Â | Â | Â |
One or both parents smokes | 50.0 | 50.0 | Â | Â | Â |
Can’t say | 55.0 | 45.0 |  |  |  |
Family member discussed harmful effects of smoking | Â | Â | 1.1 | 1 | 0.301 |
Yes | 77.6 | 22.4 | Â | Â | Â |
No | 74.8 | 25.2 | Â | Â | Â |
Knowledge/attitude indicators | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Perceive smoking as harmful to health | Â | Â | 87.7 | 4 | <0.001 |
Completely agree | 81.4 | 18.6 | Â | Â | Â |
Slightly agree | 48.6 | 51.4 | Â | Â | Â |
Completely disagree | 50.0 | 50.0 | Â | Â | Â |
Slightly disagree | 63.2 | 36.8 | Â | Â | Â |
Not sure | 44.4 | 55.6 | Â | Â | Â |
It is difficult to quit smoking once started | Â | Â | 19.2 | 4 | 0.001 |
Completely agree | 50.0 | 50.0 | Â | Â | Â |
Slightly agree | 80.3 | 19.7 | Â | Â | Â |
Completely disagree | 70.4 | 29.6 | Â | Â | Â |
Slightly disagree | 65.8 | 34.2 | Â | Â | Â |
Not sure | 68.4 | 31.6 | Â | Â | Â |
Tobacco should not be sold to those under 18 yrs of age |  |  | 50.0 | 4 | <0.001 |
Completely agree | 80.6 | 19.4 | Â | Â | Â |
Slightly agree | 63.5 | 36.5 | Â | Â | Â |
Completely disagree | 63.5 | 36.5 | Â | Â | Â |
Slightly disagree | 44.8 | 55.2 | Â | Â | Â |
Not sure | 61.4 | 38.6 | Â | Â | Â |