From: Methods for environmental change; an exploratory study
Method | Definition |
---|---|
Methods at the Environmental Level (Bundling) | |
*Participatory Problem Solving [3] | Diagnosing the problem, generating potential solutions, developing priorities, making an action plan, and obtaining feedback after implementing the plan. |
*Advocacy and Lobbying [4] | Arguing and mobilizing resources on behalf of a particular change; giving aid to a cause; active support for a cause or position. |
Mobilizing Social Networks [5] | Encouraging social networks to provide informational, emotional, appraisal, and instrumental support. |
*Organizational Diagnosis and Feedback [6] | Assessing of organizational structures and employees’ beliefs and attitudes, desired outcomes and readiness to take action, using surveys and other methods. |
Community Development [7] | A form of community organization, based on consensus, in which power is shared equally and members engage together in participatory problem solving. |
*Social Action [7] | A form of community organization, based in conflict, in which disenfranchised people wrest power from the official power. |
*Forming Coalitions [8] | Forming an alliance among individuals or organizations, during which they cooperate in joint action to reach a goal in their own self-interest. |
Agenda Setting [9] | Process of moving an issue to the political agenda for action; may make use of advocacy and media when initiated from outside government. |
Methods at the Individual Level (Bundling) | |
*Persuasive Communication [10] | Guiding individuals and environmental agents toward the adoption of an idea, attitude, or action by using arguments or other means. |
*Modeling [11] | Providing an appropriate model being reinforced for the desired action. |
*Feedback [12] | Giving information to individuals and environmental agents regarding the extent to which they are accomplishing learning or performance, or the extent to which performance is having an impact. |
*Reinforcement/Punishment [12] | Providing reinforcement: linking a behavior to any consequence that increases the behavior’s rate, frequency or probability.Providing punishment: linking a behavior to any consequence that decreases the behavior’s rate, frequency or probability. |
*Consciousness Raising [13] | Providing information, feedback, or confrontation about the causes, consequences, and alternatives for a problem or a problem behavior. |
*Goal Setting [14] | Prompting planning what the person will do, including a definition of goal-directed behaviors that result in the target behavior. |
*Facilitation [15] | Creating an environment that makes the action easier or reduces barriers to action. |
*Information About Others’ Approval [16] | Providing information about what others think about the person’s behavior and whether others will approve or disapprove of any proposed behavior change. |
*Resistance to Social Pressure [17] | Stimulating building skills for resistance to social pressure. |
Guided Practice [11] | Prompting individuals to rehearse and repeat the behavior various times, discuss the experience, and provide feedback. |
Individual Level and Environmental Level Methods (At and From)* | |
Tailoring [18] | Matching the intervention or components to previously measured characteristics of the participant. |
Direct Experience [19] | Encouraging a process whereby knowledge is created through the interpretation of experience. |
Systems Change (Env.) [20] | Interacting with the environment to change the elements and relationship among elements of a system at any level, especially through dialogue with stakeholders, action, and learning through feedback. |
Coercion (Env.) [21] | Attempting to control others against their will. |
Technical Assistance (Env.) [22] | Providing technical means to achieve desired behavior. |
Sense-Making (Env.) [23] | Leaders reinterpret and relabel processes in organization, create meaning through dialogue, and model and redirect change. |
Team Building & Human Relations Training (Env.) [6] | Grouping development activities based on the values of human potential, participation, and development. |
Structural Redesign (Env.) [24] | Change organizational elements such as formal statements of organizational philosophy, communication flow, reward systems, job descriptions, and lines of authority. |
Increasing Stakeholder Influence (Env.) [25] | Increase stakeholder power, legitimacy, and urgency, often by forming coalitions and using community development and social action to change an organization’s policies. |
Reporting, Social Planning [26] | Using information based on research to address issues. |
Media Advocacy (Env.) [27] | Expose environmental agents’ behaviors in the mass media to order to get them to improve health related conditions. A type of advocacy. |