|  |  |  |  | Test of difference in level of logMAR at diabetes diagnosis a | Test of difference in change of logMAR after diabetes diagnosis b |  |  | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic at diagnosis | Category | n | Average logMAR at diabetes diagnosis | Average yearly change in logMAR after diabetes diagnosis | Un-adjusted p | Age and sex adjusted p | Un-adjusted p | Age and sex adjusted p | Median decimal acuity at diabetes diagnosis | Median decimal acuity 5.6 years after diabetes diagnosis |
Total | Â | 1241 | -0.24 | -0.0250 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
Sex | Female | 588 | -0.30 | -0.0343 | 0.001 | 0.070 | 0.0006 | 0.017 | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
 | Male | 653 | -0.19 | -0.0160 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 1.00 (0.67-1.00) |
Age (years) | 40- < 60 | 430 | -0.05 | -0.0068 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) |
 | 60- < 70 | 377 | -0.18 | -0.0125 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
 | ≥ 70 | 434 | -0.47 | -0.0769 |  |  |  |  | 0.70 (0.60-0.95) | 0.60 (0.40-0.80) |
Living alone | Yes | 384 | -0.39 | -0.0527 | < 0.0001 | 0.0009 | < 0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) | 0.67 (0.50-0.90) |
 | No | 835 | -0.17 | -0.0158 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) |
Education | Basic | 935 | -0.26 | -0.0293 | 0.006 | 0.67 | 0.008 | 0.30 | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
 | Higher | 252 | -0.15 | -0.0114 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.90-1.00) | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) |
Residence | Countryside | 486 | -0.26 | -0.0269 | 0.41 | 0.98 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.63-1.00) |
 | Larger towns | 430 | -0.24 | -0.0211 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.63-1.00) |
 | Copenhagen area | 273 | -0.20 | -0.0211 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
Familial disposition to DM | No | 659 | -0.25 | -0.0314 | 0.58 | 0.76 | 0.041 | 0.028 | 1.00 (0.75-1.00) | 0.80 (0.63-1.00) |
 | Yes | 466 | -0.23 | -0.0195 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) |
Diagnostic plasma glucose (mmol/l) | < 10 | 220 | -0.23 | -0.0227 | 0.93 | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.063 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.63-1.00) |
 | 10-< 17 | 706 | -0.24 | -0.0281 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
 | ≥ 17 | 315 | -0.24 | -0.0193 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
Haemoglobin A1c (%) c | < 9 | 298 | -0.20 | -0.0239 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.083 | 0.071 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
 | 9- < 11 | 347 | -0.24 | -0.0347 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) |
 | ≥ 11 | 396 | -0.25 | -0.0195 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | < 6 | 495 | -0.27 | -0.0190 | 0.22 | 0.55 | 0.20 | 0.076 | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
 | 6-< 7 | 366 | -0.24 | -0.0297 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) |
 | ≥ 7 | 358 | -0.20 | -0.0277 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
Fasting triglycerides (mmol/l) | < 2 | 616 | -0.24 | -0.0201 | 0.89 | 0.75 | 0.022 | 0.0008 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
 | 2- < 3 | 320 | -0.25 | -0.0227 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
 | ≥ 3 | 279 | -0.23 | -0.0388 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
Urinary albumin (mg/l) | < 15 | 703 | -0.19 | -0.0205 | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.038 | 0.13 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) |
 | 15-< 200 | 437 | -0.31 | -0.0347 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
 | ≥ 200 | 59 | -0.21 | -0.0172 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
Serum creatinine (μmol/l) | < 130 | 1166 | -0.23 | -0.0238 | 0.012 | 0.33 | 0.012 | 0.062 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
 | ≥ 130 | 54 | -0.43 | -0.0634 |  |  |  |  | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) | 0.75 (0.50-1.00) |
Height - men (cm) | < 165 | 69 | -0.30 | -0.0273 | 0.11 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.96 | 0.95 (0.70-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
 | 165- < 180 | 470 | -0.18 | -0.0156 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 1.00 (0.67-1.00) |
 | ≥ 180 | 113 | -0.14 | -0.0135 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.90-1.00) | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) |
Height - women (cm) | < 150 | 19 | -0.47 | -0.0587 | 0.050 | 0.47 | 0.12 | 0.91 | 0.70 (0.70-0.80) | 0.60 (0.50-0.80) |
 | 150- < 165 | 415 | -0.32 | -0.0390 |  |  |  |  | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) | 0.80 (0.50-1.00) |
 | ≥ 165 | 154 | -0.20 | -0.0203 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.90 (0.70-1.00) |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | < 140 | 366 | -0.18 | -0.0174 | 0.023 | 0.78 | 0.036 | 0.63 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 1.00 (0.67-1.00) |
 | 140-< 160 | 414 | -0.25 | -0.0223 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) | 0.80 (0.63-1.00) |
 | ≥ 160 | 459 | -0.28 | -0.0338 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.75-1.00) | 0.80 (0.62-1.00) |
Resting heart rate (bpm) | < 80 | 754 | -0.23 | -0.0208 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.040 | 0.066 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
 | 80- < 90 | 333 | -0.23 | -0.0361 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
 | ≥ 90 | 149 | -0.32 | -0.0219 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.67-1.00) | 0.80 (0.63-1.00) |
Cardiovascular disease | No | 849 | -0.20 | -0.0224 | < 0.0001 | 0.045 | 0.035 | 0.55 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) |
 | Yes | 367 | -0.34 | -0.0357 |  |  |  |  | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) | 0.80 (0.50-1.00) |
Peripheral neuropathy | No | 992 | -0.22 | -0.0218 | 0.013 | 0.14 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) |
 | Yes | 232 | -0.32 | -0.0392 |  |  |  |  | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
Self-rated health | Excellent or good | 557 | -0.18 | -0.0200 | 0.0006 | 0.003 | 0.043 | 0.13 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.90 (0.70-1.00) |
 | Fair, poor or very poor | 663 | -0.29 | -0.0309 |  |  |  |  | 0.90 (0.70-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
Smoking | Never | 372 | -0.33 | -0.0369 | 0.0007 | 0.32 | 0.009 | 0.50 | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
 | Former | 431 | -0.22 | -0.0206 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.63-1.00) |
 | Current | 414 | -0.18 | -0.0186 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) |
Physical activity | Sedentary | 323 | -0.39 | -0.0364 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.035 | 0.20 | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) | 0.70 (0.50-1.00) |
 | Non-sedentary | 893 | -0.19 | -0.0227 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) |
Weight - men (kg) | < 80 | 200 | -0.24 | -0.0172 | 0.19 | 0.85 | 0.64 | 0.81 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
 | 80- < 90 | 196 | -0.18 | -0.0204 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) |
 | ≥ 90 | 255 | -0.16 | -0.0130 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) |
Weight - women (kg) | < 70 | 200 | -0.39 | -0.0485 | 0.008 | 0.21 | 0.040 | 0.068 | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) | 0.70 (0.50-1.00) |
 | 70-< 80 | 157 | -0.29 | -0.0208 |  |  |  |  | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |
 | ≥ 80 | 231 | -0.21 | -0.0319 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.63-1.00) |
Diabetic retinopathy | None | 1186 | -0.23 | -0.0243 | 0.040 | 0.012 | < 0.0001 | 0.0005 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
 | Microaneurysms only | 14 | -0.54 | 0.0174 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.90-1.00) | 0.85 (0.80-1.00) |
 | Further retinopathy | 38 | -0.38 | -0.1164 |  |  |  |  | 0.80 (0.63-1.00) | 0.60 (0.50-0.80) |
Age-related macular degeneration | No | 1087 | -0.18 | -0.0170 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) |
 | Yes | 154 | -0.67 | -0.1000 |  |  |  |  | 0.67 (0.50-0.80) | 0.50 (0.40-0.67) |
Cataract | No | 889 | -0.14 | -0.0145 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0004 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) |
 | Yes | 337 | -0.51 | -0.0698 |  |  |  |  | 0.70 (0.50-0.80) | 0.60 (0.50-0.80) |
Other retinopathy | No | 1129 | -0.23 | -0.0239 | 0.32 | 0.87 | 0.18 | 0.93 | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
 | Yes | 112 | -0.29 | -0.0370 |  |  |  |  | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) | 0.67 (0.50-1.00) |
Eye pressure (mmHg) | < 16 | 369 | -0.25 | -0.0215 | 0.58 | 0.64 | 0.031 | 0.045 | 1.00 (0.70-1.00) | 0.90 (0.67-1.00) |
 | 16- < 20 | 592 | -0.22 | -0.0234 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.80-1.00) | 0.80 (0.67-1.00) |
 | ≥ 20 | 151 | -0.28 | -0.0441 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 (0.75-1.00) | 0.80 (0.60-1.00) |