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Table 4 Relative risk ratios (95% confidence intervals) from multinominal logistic regression for women without depression or PMS, women with PMS only, women with major depression only and women with PMS and major depression (n = 2349)

From: The interrelation between premenstrual syndrome and major depression: Results from a population-based sample

 

No major depression PMS

 

PMS

 

Major depression

 

PMS and major depression

  

RRR

(95% CI)

RRR

(95% CI)

RRR

(95% CI)

Age

       

14-24

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

25-34

1

1.14

(0.67-1.94)

1.30

(0.62-2.69)

1.22

(0.30-4.95)

35-44

1

1.35

(0.79-2.3)

1.06

(0.49-2.29)

0.52

(0.11-2.50)

45-54

1

1.04

(0.56-1.93)

0.96

(0.41-2.27)

0.92

(0.18-4.71)

Language regions

       

German-speaking

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

French-speaking

1

1.15

(0.86-1.55)

0.74

(0.49-1.12)

0.90

(0.40-2.03)

Italian-Speaking

1

1.84

(1.18-2.89)**

0.43

(0.17-1.07)

0.76

(0.17-3.33)

Marital status

       

Unmarried

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

Married

1

0.72

(0.46-1.11)

1.38

(0.73-2.61)

1.08

(0.33-3.50)

Widowed

1

0.31

(0.04-2.40)

1.07

(0.13-9.02)

+

+

Separated/Divorced

1

0.90

(0.54-1.50)

1.26

(0.65-2.46)

2.00

(0.47-8.54)

Nationality

       

Swiss

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

Other

1

1.08

(0.73-1.62)

1.44

(0.84-2.48)

1.77

(0.68-4.61)

Education

       

Compulsory school

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

Secondary school

1

3.83

(1.36-10.83)*

1.72

(0.62-4.74)

0.73

(0.17-3.06)

College/university

1

3.72

(1.30-10.68)*

1.51

(0.53-4.30)

0.68

(0.15-3.20)

Living arrangements

       

Living alone

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

Couple without child

1

0.90

(0.57-1.44)

0.56

(0.30-1.06)

3.07

(0.86-10.97)

Couple with child

1

1.29

(0.81-2.04)

0.58

(0.30-1.12)

1.92

(0.49-7.51)

Single parent

1

0.96

(0.56-1.65)

1.20

(0.62-2.30)

0.85

(0.15-4.70)

Other

1

1.52

(0.53-4.33)

+

+

3.77

(0.31-45.4)

Pill as oral contraception

       

No

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

Yes

1

0.67

(0.44-1.00)

1.67

(1.03-2.72)*

1.10

(0.39-3.15)

Alcohol consumption

       

No consumption

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

Mild consumption

1

0.78

(0.58-1.04)

1.32

(0.84-2.06)

0.96

(0.41-2.27)

Moderate to severe consumption

1

0.34

(0.13-0.88)*

1.87

(0.79-4.44)

1.30

(0.22-7.51)

Psychotropic drug consumption

       

None

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

Antidepr. only

1

1.10

(0.43-2.79)

3.16

(1.40-7.13)**

5.38

(1.40-20.72)*

Tranquillizer/sleeping pills only

1

1.85

(0.95-3.59)

0.70

(0.24-2.06)

1.86

(0.40-8.62)

Tranquillizer/sleeping pills and antidepressants

1

1.18

(0.34-4.10)

2.91

(0.95-8.90)

5.18

(1.13-23.84)*

Psychological distress

       

Low

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

Medium

1

1.23

(0.86-1.77)

1.68

(1.05-2.69)*

2.33

(0.89-6.10)

High

1

1.77

(0.97-3.23)

3.32

(1.67-6.57)**

7.97

(2.64-24.01)***

Mastery

       

Low

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

Medium

1

0.87

(0.63-1.19)

0.51

(0.33-0.79)**

0.42

(0.17-0.99)*

High

1

0.39

(0.26-0.60)***

0.34

(0.19-0.61)***

0.15

(0.03-0.73)*

Self-rated health

       

Poor health

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

Fair health

1

0.81

(0.16-4.09)

0.16

(0.04-0.64)*

0.18

(0.03-1.05)

Good health

1

0.46

(0.10-2.16)

0.08

(0.02-0.28)***

0.06

(0.01-0.33)**

Sleeping difficulties

       

Not at all

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

A bit

1

1.25

(0.93-1.69)

1.25

(0.82-1.89)

1.27

(0.54-2.99)

Strongly

1

1.03

(0.62-1.73)

1.41

(0.75-2.65)

0.68

(0.20-2.29)

Work satisfaction

1

      

Extremely satisfied

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

Very satisfied

1

1.19

(0.80-1.76)

0.84

(0.50-1.4)

0.78

(0.25-2.48)

Fairly satisfied

1

1.64

(1.07-2.51)*

1.38

(0.8-2.38)

0.67

(0.18-2.46)

Partly satisfied to extremely dissatisfied

1

2.42

(1.51-3.87)***

1.05

(0.54-2.04)

1.70

(0.51-5.63)

  1. +: Not enough cases in this category to analyze; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001
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