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Table 3 Person years, number of deaths, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause, CVD, IHD and stroke mortality in men stratified by educational groups*, Mumbai Cohort Study, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

From: Illiteracy, low educational status, and cardiovascular mortality in India

Men

Illiterate

Primary school

Middle school

Secondary school

College

Person years

69,064

165,757

135,193

44,003

29,876

All-deaths (n)

1904

4507

2197

597

384

Death rates per 100000 2

2154

2149

1793

1543

1187

HR1

95% CI

1.0

0.98

(0.93-1.03)

0.58

(0.55-0.62)

0.48

(0.44-0.53)

0.46

(0.41-0.51)

HR2

95% CI

1.0

1.00

(0.95-1.06)

0.84

(0.79-0.89)

0.71

(0.65-0.78)

0.55

(0.50-0.62)

HR3

95% CI

1.0

1.02

(0.97-1.08)

0.89

(0.83-0.94)

0.75

(0.68-0.82)

0.60

(0.54-0.67)

HR4

95% CI

1.0

0.98

(0.92-1.03)

0.87

(0.82-0.93)

0.74

(0.67-0.82)

0.61

(0.55-0.69)

CVD 5 deaths (n)

448

1465

737

187

146

Death rates per 100000 2

471

654

618

518

450

HR1

95% CI

1.0

1.33

(1.20-1.48)

0.80

(0.71-0.90)

0.62

(0.52-0.73)

0.71

(0.59-0.85)

HR2

95% CI

1.0

1.36

(1.22-1.51)

1.27

(1.13-1.43)

1.01

(0.85-1.19)

0.88

(0.73-1.06)

HR3

95% CI

1.0

1.37

(1.23-1.52)

1.30

(1.16-1.47)

1.02

(0.86-1.22)

0.90

(0.74-1.09)

HR4

95% CI

1.0

1.20

(1.07-1.33)

1.13

(1.00-1.28)

0.88

(0.73-1.04)

0.78

(0.64-0.94)

IHD 6 deaths (n)

223

835

481

125

109

Death rates per 100000 2

234

371

401

349

338

HR1

95% CI

1.0

1.53

(1.32-1.78)

1.05

(0.89-1.23)

0.83

(0.66-1.03)

1.06

(0.84-1.33)

HR2

95% CI

1.0

1.57

(1.36-1.82)

1.67

(1.42-1.96)

1.35

(1.08-1.68)

1.31

(1.04-1.64)

HR3

95% CI

1.0

1.58

(1.37-1.84)

1.71

(1.45-2.00)

1.36

(1.09-1.70)

1.32

(1.04-1.66)

HR4

95% CI

1.0

1.35

(1.16-1.57)

1.44

(1.22-1.70)

1.16

(0.93-1.46)

1.11

(0.87-1.40)

Stroke 7 deaths (n)

115

303

126

22

10

Death rates per 100000 2

124

135

107

59

31

HR1

95% CI

1.0

1.08

(0.87-1.34)

0.53

(0.41-0.68)

0.28

(0.18-0.45)

0.19

(0.10-0.36)

HR2

95% CI

1.0

1.12

(0.90-1.39)

0.86

(0.67-1.11)

0.47

(0.30-0.74)

0.24

(0.12-0.45)

HR3

95% CI

1.0

1.13

(0.91-1.40)

0.90

(0.70-1.16)

0.50

(0.32-0.79)

0.27

(0.14-0.51)

HR4

95% CI

1.0

1.01

(0.81-1.25)

0.80

(0.62-1.04)

0.41

(0.26-0.66)

0.23

(0.12-0.44)

  1. *Illiterate, Primary school (≤ 5 years of formal education), Middle school (6-8 years), Secondary school (9-10 years) and College (> 10 years)
  2. 1 crude hazard ratios (HRs), 2 adjusted for age, 3 adjusted for age and tobacco use, 4 adjusted for age, tobacco use, BMI, religion and mother tongue, 5 all circulatory system related deaths (ICD-10 codes I00-99), 6 Ischemic Heart Disease deaths (I20-25), 7 cerebrovascular deaths (I60-69).