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Table 2 Mean (SD) daily intake of energy, macronutrients, and cholesterol by study year and gender.

From: Diet and serum lipids: changes over socio-economic transition period in Lithuanian rural population

Energy, nutrients

Men

Women

 

1987

1993

1999

2007

1987

1993

1999

2007

Energy (kJ)

11615.6*

(4249.7)

10149.4 (3637.5)

11069.6* (3776.2)

10493.1

(3416.6)

8860.2* (3240.1)

8236.6* (3078.6)

7835.9 (2815.2)

7618.4 (2632.9)

Protein (E%)

13.6*

(3.7)

13.3*

(4.1)

13.6*

(4.5)

14.7

(4.1)

13.4*

(3.5)

13.1*

(3.6)

13.6*

(4.2)

14.1

(4.2)

Carbohydrates (E%)

40.2*

(11.1)

42.2*#

(11.3)

40.5*

(10.9)

38.9

(11.5)

43.6

(10.7)

46.1*

(11.1)

44.7*

(10.9)

43.2

(11.9)

Total fat (E%)

45.2

(11.2)

43.3

(10.8)

43.8

(10.9)

44.8

(11.7)

42.8#

(10.4)

40.4

(10.5)

41.1

(10.4)

42.3

(11.3)

SFA (E%)

18.0*

(5.1)

17.6*

(5.0)

15.4

(4.8)

15.1

(4.8)

17.6*#

(5.2)

17.2*#

(5.3)

14.7

(5.1)

14.8

(4.9)

MUFA (E%)

17.8

(5.4)

16.8

(5.2)

16.5*

(5.6)

17.3

(6.0)

16.2#

(4.9)

15.0*

(4.9)

14.5*

(5.2)

15.7

(5.6)

PUFA (E%)

5.3*#

(2.3)

4.7*

(2.0)

7.0

(3.2)

7.1

(3.3)

4.9*#

(2.4)

4.2*#

(2.0)

7.3

(3.7)

7.3

(4.0)

Dietary cholesterol (mg)

456.9* (291.3)

432.9

(254.9)

436.1

(250.2)

423.1 (240.2)

360.2*#

(231.9)

361.4*#

(253.4)

289.3

(181.2)

276.4

(163.3)

Dietary cholesterol (mg/MJ)

39.6

(21.7)

44.6*#

(27.7)

39,6

(19,9)

40.0

(18.2)

41.1*#

(23.7)

43.8*#

(23.9)

37.1

(20.1)

36.8

(20.1)

  1. *p < 0.05, compared to 2007; # p < 0.05, compared to 1999, using analysis of variance and Bonferroni multiple comparison tests;
  2. Estimates are age-adjusted to the 2007 Lithuanian population
  3. Abbreviations: SD - standard deviation; E%- percentage of total energy intake; SFA - saturated fatty acids; MUFA - monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA - polyunsaturated fatty acids