Table 1 Description of included longitudinal cohort and case-control studies

Cohorts

Barnett and Brennan

(1998) [40]

Full-time

employed, dual-

earner couples

(N = 484).

United States.

Psychological

distress

(SCL-90)

2

Community

Occupational prestige: men = ns, women = ns

Family

Years in couple: men and women b = -0.22/

Marital-role quality: men and women b = -2.71/

Household income: men = ns, women = ns/

Children at home: men = ns, women = ns

Age, gender as a stratification variable, education, negative affectivity, partners' psychosocial work environment, mental health at baseline, skill discretion, decision authority, schedule control, job demands, pay adequacy, job security, social support, work hours.

Bromet

et al. (1988) [39]

Married male

power plants

employees

(N = 325).

United States.

Depression

(SADS-L)

Psychological

distress

(SCL-90)

1

Networks

Social support (friends) = ns

Family

Marital stress = ns

Age, history of affective disorders, levels of psychological distress at baseline, alcohol-related problems, decision latitude, job demands, social support at work.

Fuhrer

et al. (1999) [131]

Civil servants

aged 35-55 years

at baseline

(N = 5,793).

United Kingdom.

Psychological

distress

(GHQ)

Up to 4

Combined Community and Networks

Social network index (friends, relatives; church, social clubs): men = ns, women = ns

Combined Networks and Family

Confiding support: men OR_low = 1.24, women = ns/Practical support: men = ns, women = ns/Negative aspects of close relationships: men OR _{moderate, high} = 1.41-1.80, women OR_{moderate, high} = 1.39-2.06

(all close nominated persons in reference for all indicators, with spouse in reference for 80-92% of respondents)

Family

Marital status: men = ns, women = ns.

Age, gender as a stratification variable, employment grade, mental health at baseline, social support at work.

Griffin

et al. (2002) [37]

Civil servants

aged 35-55 years

at baseline

(N = 7,473).

United Kingdom.

Depression

(GHQ)

Anxiety

(GHQ)

Exclusion of

cases at baseline.

5

Depression

Networks

Caregiving status (relative): men OR = 1.59, women = ns

Family

Marital status: men = ns, women = ns/Number of children: men = ns, women = ns/Home control: men OR_low = 1.71, women OR_low = 2.02

Anxiety

Networks

Caregiving status (relative): men OR = 1.70, women = ns

Family

Marital status: men = ns, women = ns/Number of children: men = ns, women = ns/Home control: men OR_low = 1.68, women = ns

Age, gender as a stratification variable, employment grade, decision latitude.

Marchand

et al. (2005)[12]

Representative

sample of the

workforce

(N = 6,359).

Canada.

Psychological

distress

(WHO-CIDI)

7

Community

Societal occupational structure accounts for 1.3% of variance in outcome/Mean occupational income = ns

Networks

Social support (someone): OR_high = 0.58

Family

Marital status = ns/Couple strains = ns/Household income = ns/Children aged 0-5 yo at home = ns/Children aged 6-11 yo at home = ns/Children aged 12-24 yo at home = ns/Children strains OR = 1.15

Age, gender, self-esteem, locus of control, sense of cohesion, chronic health problems, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, stressful childhood events, mental health at baseline, skill utilization, decision authority, job demands, physical demands, social support at work, job insecurity, work hours, work schedule.

Niedhammer et al. (1998)[38]

Workers from

public utility

energy firms aged

35-50 years at

baseline

(N = 9,059).

France.

Depressive

symptoms

(CES-D)

1

Combined Networks and Family

Nb. of life events (partner; relatives): men OR = 1.15-1.77, women OR = 1.53-3.17

Family

Marital status: men OR_{single, separated, divorced, widowed} = 1.72-2.88, women OR_{separated, divorced, widowed} = 1.36-2.16

Age, gender as a stratification variable, education, occupational status, stressful occupational events, previous absenteeism for mental health, decision latitude, job demands, social support at work.

Revicki

et al. (1993) [129]

Emergency

medicine

residents

(N = 369).

United States.

Depression

(CES-D)

1

Family

Marital status = ns

Age, gender, mental health at baseline, Work-Related Stress Inventory, task-role clarity, social support at work.

Shields

(1999) [132]

Workers aged 25-

54 years working

a minimum of 35

hours per week

(N = 3,783).

Canada.

Major depressive

episodes

(WHO-CIDI)

Exclusion of cases at baseline.

2

Community

Occupational status: men = ns, women = ns

Family

Marital status: men = ns, women = ns/Household income: men OR _{low, middle} = 0.2-0.3, women = ns/Children aged 0-12 yo at home: men = ns, women = ns

Age, gender as a stratification variable, education, self-employment status, rotating shift, work hours, job strain.

Shields (2002) [130]

Workers aged 18-

54 years not

working night

shifts (N = 4,298).

Canada.

Psychological

distress

(WHO-CIDI)

Up to 4

Community

Occupational status: men b_{sales/service} = 0.06, women = ns

Family

Marital status: men = ns, women = ns/Couple strains: men = ns, women = ns/Household income: men b_low = -0.05, women = ns/Children aged 0-12 yo at home: men = ns, women = ns

Age, gender as a stratification variable, education, mastery, personal stress, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, mental health at baseline, self-employment status, week-end shifts, job strain, social support at work, physical demands, job insecurity, rotating shift, work hours.

Smith

et al. (2008) [133]

Workers aged 25-

60 years working

a minimum of 20

hours per week,

not self-employed

(N = 3,411).

Canada.

Psychological

distress

(WHO-CIDI)

4

Combined Community and Networks

Nb. of chronic stressors (friends, neighborhood): ns

Family

Nb. of chronic stressors (partner, child, parent): ns/Chronic exposure to financial stress: ns/Household income: ns

Age, gender, education, personal stress, self-rated health, body mass index, hypertension, heart disease, back pain, mental health at baseline, decision latitude.

Stansfeld

et al. (1998) [134]

Civil servants

aged 35-55 years

at baseline

(N = 8,315).

United Kingdom.

Mental health

functioning

(SF-36)

Up to 8

Combined Community and Networks

Social network index (friends, relatives; church, social clubs): men OR_{Low, moderate} = 1.33-1.39, women = ns

Combined Networks and Family

Confiding support: men OR_low = 1.60/Negative aspects of close relationships: men = ns, women OR _{high, moderate} = 1.52-1.73.

(closest nominated person in reference for all indicators)

Age, gender as a stratification variable, employment grade, negative affectivity, mental and physical health at baseline, decision latitude, job demands, social support at work, effort-reward imbalance.

Wickrama

et al. (2005) [36]

Working parents

(N = 692).

United States.

Depression

(SCL-90)

10

Combined Networks and Family

Nb. of life events (partner, child, parent; friends): men B = 0.10, women B = 0.21

Gender as a stratification variable, education, mental health at baseline, decision latitude.

Case-control

Ostry

et al. (2006)³⁵

Male sawmill

workers (N = 822).

Canada.

Neurotic disorder diagnosis (ICD9)

5

Family

Marital status = ns

Duration of job, ethnicity, occupational status, job demands.