From: Perinatal outcomes among immigrant mothers over two periods in a region of central Italy
 | Italy | Western developed countries | Eastern Europe | North Africa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | '96-'98 | '06-'08 | '96-'98 | '06-'08 | '96-'98 | '06-'08 | '96-'98 | '06-'08 |
 | N = 120886 | N = 127122 | N = 3884 | N = 3683 | N = 3781 | N = 18650 | N = 1310 | N = 1889 |
MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Mother's age* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
15-19 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 2.3 | 1.7 |
20-24 | 9.1 | 5.5 | 8.2 | 3.0 | 30.0 | 23.7 | 16.0 | 16.5 |
25-34 | 70.4 | 57.9 | 71.5 | 52.9 | 55.3 | 58.0 | 58.9 | 56.7 |
35-44 | 19.3 | 35.3 | 19.5 | 43.5 | 7.7 | 12.2 | 22.4 | 24.7 |
45-59 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Missing | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
   Educational level attained* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
None or elementary school | - | 10.6 | - | 14.2 | - | 15.2 | - | 21.2 |
Middle school | - | 25.2 | - | 18.4 | - | 41.4 | - | 41.5 |
High school | - | 47.1 | - | 41.6 | - | 37.2 | - | 28.0 |
Higher education | - | 17.0 | - | 25.7 | - | 6.0 | - | 9.3 |
Missing | - | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | - | 0.1 |
   Marital status* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unmarried | - | 25.1 | - | 24.4 | - | 29.7 | - | 9.2 |
Married | - | 71.8 | - | 72.2 | - | 66.9 | - | 88.6 |
Separated | - | 1.6 | - | 1.3 | - | 0.9 | - | 0.7 |
Divorced | - | 0.8 | - | 1.2 | - | 1.3 | - | 0.3 |
Widowed | - | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | - | 0.0 |
Missing | - | 0.6 | - | 0.7 | - | 1.1 | - | 1.2 |
   First prenatal visit (weeks)* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
<12 | 94.8 | 98.8 | 94.5 | 98.6 | 84.1 | 92.8 | 90.2 | 93.8 |
≥12 | 5.2 | 1.2 | 5.5 | 1.3 | 15.8 | 6.9 | 9.8 | 5.9 |
Missing | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
   Parity* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
0 | 53.1 | 56.3 | 51.4 | 53.7 | 59.9 | 61.1 | 44.7 | 40.1 |
1 | 37.0 | 35.1 | 37.5 | 35.3 | 24.6 | 28.2 | 37.1 | 33.9 |
≥2 | 10.0 | 8.6 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 15.5 | 10.7 | 18.2 | 26.0 |
PERINATAL OUTCOMES | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Gestational age (weeks) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
<31 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
32-36 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 5.1 |
37+ | 93.8 | 94.1 | 93.3 | 94.4 | 88.0 | 92.0 | 91.5 | 94.3 |
Missing | 0.7 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 |
   Five Minute Apgar Score |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
0-6 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.8 |
7-10 | 97.8 | 98.6 | 97.0 | 98.9 | 97.5 | 98.6 | 97.8 | 98.2 |
Missing | 0.4 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
   Respiratory diseases | 6.9 | 4.6 | 7.3 | 3.7 | 8.0 | 5.9 | 8.9 | 6.4 |
   Special/intensive care | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.6 |
   Congenital Malformations | 3.8 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 5.6 | 3.2 | 6.0 |
 | West and sub-Saharan Africa | Central and South America | Western and Central-Southern Asia | East Asia | ||||
 | '96-'98 | '06-'08 | '96-'98 | '06-'08 | '96-'98 | '06-'08 | '96-'98 | '06-'08 |
 | N = 1064 | N = 1469 | N = 2030 | N = 3588 | N = 916 | N = 2061 | N = 1916 | N = 2490 |
MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Mother's age* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
15-19 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 2.2 |
20-24 | 12.6 | 9.3 | 13.8 | 12.4 | 23.0 | 19.7 | 11.8 | 16.1 |
25-34 | 64.6 | 60.9 | 60.0 | 57.1 | 61.0 | 64.5 | 66.3 | 56.3 |
35-44 | 21.4 | 27.9 | 23.9 | 27.5 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 20.8 | 24.8 |
45-59 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
Missing | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
   Educational level attained* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
None or elementary school | - | 21.4 | - | 15.2 | - | 23.6 | - | 22.3 |
Middle school | - | 40.0 | - | 33.7 | - | 43.5 | - | 39.6 |
High school | - | 32.4 | - | 40.8 | - | 25.6 | - | 31.2 |
Higher education | - | 6.1 | - | 9.9 | - | 7.0 | - | 6.8 |
Missing | - | 0.1 | - | 0.3 | - | 0.3 | - | 0.1 |
   Marital status* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unmarried | - | 33.1 | - | 35.6 | - | 8.7 | - | 23.9 |
Married | - | 64.3 | - | 60.7 | - | 90.0 | - | 74.7 |
Separated | - | 1.4 | - | 1.8 | - | 0.3 | - | 0.6 |
Divorced | - | 0.4 | - | 1.0 | - | 0.1 | - | 0.1 |
Widowed | - | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | - | 0.4 |
Missing | - | 0.7 | - | 0.7 | - | 0.7 | - | 0.4 |
   First prenatal visit (weeks)* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
<12 | 87.9 | 92.8 | 92.0 | 96.7 | 87.8 | 92.4 | 82.3 | 92.1 |
≥12 | 12.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 3.2 | 12.2 | 7.5 | 17.7 | 7.8 |
Missing | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
   Parity* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
0 | 50.3 | 48.8 | 55.1 | 53.0 | 57.5 | 50.9 | 51.8 | 49.2 |
1 | 30.8 | 33.2 | 33.1 | 33.7 | 33.0 | 35.9 | 34.8 | 36.1 |
≥2 | 18.9 | 18.0 | 11.8 | 13.3 | 9.5 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 14.8 |
PERINATAL OUTCOMES | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Gestational age (weeks) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
<31 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
32-36 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 5.2 | 7.3 | 5.7 | 7.5 | 6.3 | 6.2 |
37+ | 88.6 | 90.2 | 92.5 | 91.9 | 91.8 | 91.6 | 90.7 | 92.8 |
Missing | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 |
   Five Minute Apgar Score |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
0-6 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 |
7-10 | 95.8 | 98.4 | 97.8 | 97.8 | 98.5 | 97.8 | 98.3 | 98.2 |
Missing | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
   Respiratory diseases | 11.4 | 7.3 | 7.9 | 4.9 | 7.2 | 5.5 | 8.0 | 4.5 |
   Special/intensive care | 8.0 | 7.7 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 3.8 |
   Congenital Malformations | 4.2 | 8.6 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 3.6 | 6.7 | 3.2 | 5.2 |