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Table 5 Prevalence and means of biological and lifestyle factors of poorer health in childhood according to maternal educational level.

From: The development of socio-economic health differences in childhood: results of the Dutch longitudinal PIAMA birth cohort

Ā 

Maternal educational level

Ā 

Low

Intermediate

High

Lifestyle factors

%

(CI)a

%

(CI)a

%

(CI)a

Smoking during pregnancy

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Yes b

30.2

(29.1-31.2)

17.3

(16.6-17.9)

10.6

(10.1-11.2)

Smoking in the home

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Yes c

43.5

(42.3-44.6)

30.6

(29.8-31.4)

16.2

(15.6-16.9)

Breastfeeding

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

1-16 weeks

49.8

(48.6-50.9)

52.4

(51.5-53.3)

46.4

(45.4-47.3)

Never

30.6

(29.5-31.6)

18.4

(17.7-19.0)

8.5

(8.0-9.0)

Day-care centre attendance

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Nod

88.9

(88.2-89.7)

79.7

(79.0-80.4)

62.5

(61.6-63.4)

Biological factors

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Siblings

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Yes

54.4

(53.3-55.5)

49.6

(48.7-50.4)

49.4

(48.5-50.3)

Ā 

Mean

Ā 

Mean

Ā 

Mean

Ā 

Maternal age at birth

29.55

(29.46-29.64)

29.78

(29.72-29.85)

31.59

(31.53-31.66)

Birth weight child (grams)

3,456

(3,443-3,469)

3,507

(3,498-3,516)

3,543

(3,532-3,553)

  1. a 95% confidence intervals
  2. b smoking by the mother during at least the first four weeks of pregnancy
  3. c smoking by anyone in the home more than once a week
  4. d no means < 4 hours per week