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Table 3 Results of Logistic Regression Analyses: Walking to Work, Adults aged 20 to 64 and Currently Working, 2001 a

From: Walking to work in Canada: health benefits, socio-economic characteristics and urban-regional variations

 

Model 1 Walking/No Walking

(all walkers = 1 non-walkers = 0)

Model 2 Lower-Duration Walking/No Walking

(0 to 5 hrs/wk= 1 non-walkers= 0)

Model 3 High-Duration Walking/Lower-Duration Walking

(6 or more hrs/wk = 1 0 to 5 hrs/wk = 0)

Independent Variables

Odds ratios

95% CI

Odds ratios

95% CI

Odds ratios

95% CI

Has diabetes

      

   Yes

1.22**

1.01, 1.45

1.30**

1.06, 1.59

0.79**

0.62, 0.99

   No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Has high blood pressure

      

   Yes

1.00

0.90, 1.11

1.03

0.92, 1.15

0.93

0.82, 1.05

   No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Self-perceived stress

      

   Not at all/not very

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

   A bit

1.06*

0.99, 1.13

1.07

0.99, 1.14

0.96

0.88, 1.04

   Quite a bit/extremely

0.92**

0.86, 1.00

0.89**

0.82, 0.97

1.08

0.99, 1.18

Adult BMI

      

   Normal weight

1.00

0.94, 1.05

0.98

0.92, 1.04

1.07**

1.00, 1.15

   Overweight/obese

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Physical activity index

      

   Active/moderate

1.20***

1.13, 1.27

1.16***

1.09, 1.23

1.09**

1.01, 1.16

   Inactive

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Sex

      

   Male

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

   Female

1.38***

1.30, 1.46

1.45***

1.36, 1.54

0.89***

0.82, 0.95

Age

      

   20-34

1.20***

1.11, 1.29

1.25***

1.15,1.35

0.90**

0.82, 0.99

   35-49

1.02

0.95, 1.09

1.04

0.96,1.12

0.94

0.86, 1.02

   50-64

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Household income

      

   Under $20,000

1.56***

1.38, 1.76

1.39***

1.20,1.59

1.44***

1.24, 1.65

   $20,000 to $49,999

1.23***

1.14, 1.33

1.17***

1.07,1.27

1.23***

1.11, 1.35

   $50,000 to $79,999

1.12***

1.03, 1.20

1.09**

1.00,1.19

1.10**

1.00, 1.20

   $80,000 and over

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Education

      

   Less than high school

0.74***

0.65, 0.83

0.69***

0.60,0.79

1.20**

1.03, 1.40

   High School

0.96

0.88, 1.05

0.86**

0.77,0.95

1.40***

1.25, 1.55

   College or trades

0.94*

0.87, 1.00

0.84***

0.78,0.90

1.38***

1.27, 1.49

   University

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Census Metropolitan Area

      

   No CMA assigned

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

   St. John's

1.11

0.78, 1.56

1.46**

1.03, 2.06

0.40***

0.27, 0.58

   Halifax

1.82***

1.39, 2.38

1.85***

1.38, 2.45

1.02

0.79, 1.30

   Québec

0.44***

0.35, 0.55

0.53***

0.40, 0.67

0.64**

0.46, 0.87

   Montréal

1.09

0.98, 1.21

1.48***

1.32, 1.66

0.36***

0.30, 0.42

   Ottawa-Gatineau

0.86*

0.72, 1.02

1.07

0.89, 1.28

0.53***

0.42, 0.64

   Toronto

1.46***

1.30, 1.64

1.56***

1.37, 1.76

0.89**

0.78, 1.00

   Hamilton

1.75***

1.33, 2.29

1.79***

1.38, 2.30

0.98

0.78, 1.22

   London

1.27**

1.04, 1.54

1.34**

1.09, 1.64

0.91

0.72, 1.14

   Thunder Bay

0.46***

0.35, 0.61

0.62**

0.46, 0.83

0.39***

0.23, 0.66

   Winnipeg

0.84*

0.69, 1.01

0.74**

0.60, 0.90

1.35**

1.07, 1.69

   Regina

2.73***

1.95, 3.81

2.42***

1.67, 3.49

1.33**

0.99, 1.78

   Saskatoon

1.15

0.88, 1.50

1.05

0.77, 1.42

1.22

0.89, 1.66

   Calgary

3.31***

2.69, 4.06

2.29***

1.87, 2.81

2.09***

1.68, 2.60

   Edmonton

1.01

0.83, 1.23

1.09

0.89, 1.32

0.81**

0.66, 0.97

   Vancouver

1.03

0.91, 1.15

1.16**

1.01, 1.31

0.75***

0.64, 0.86

   Victoria

3.17***

2.06, 4.86

3.35***

2.19, 5.11

0.91

0.67, 1.22

Observations

51,540

 

38,943

 

32,949

 

Population size

11,016,136

 

8,491,902

 

6,930,585

 

Pseudo R2

0.0312

 

0.0301

 

0.0363

 

Wald chi2

1070.45

(df = 40)

833.49

(df = 40)

613.40

(df = 40)

  1. a Notes: The dependent variable is walking to work, school or errands. The model used for estimation is logistic regression. Bootstrap confidence intervals are listed. (*) significant at 10%, (**) significant at 5%, (***) significant at 1%. Reference categories are included in the table.