| Men |  |  | Women |  |  | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomarkers | Abstainers | 0.1-19.9 g/d | 20.0-39.9 g/d | ≥40.0 g/d | P for linear trend * | P for quadratic trend†| Abstainers | > 0.1 g/d | P for linear trend * | P for quadratic trend†|
Fasting glucose, mmol/l | 5.49 (0.05) | 5.58 (0.06) | 5.47 (0.09) | 5.68(0.08)§ | 0.10 | 0.93 | 5.45 (0.07) | 5.48 (0.09) | 0.40 | 0.66 |
Insulin, μU/ml | 12.86 (0.34) | 12.45 (0.42) | 10.88 (0.52)§ | 11.38 (0.48)§ | 0.02 | 0.06 | 15.13 (0.55) | 14.83 (0.71) | 0.33 | 0.54 |
A1C, % | 5.80 (0.04) | 5.74 (0.04) | 5.68 (0.06) | 5.74 (0.06) | 0.62 | 0.08 | 5.80 (0.05) | 5.76 (0.07) | 0.59 | 0.46 |
HOMA-S, % | 67.9 (1.8) | 70.2 (2.4) | 80.5 (3.9)‡ | 76.3 (3.2)§ | 0.27 | 0.05 | 58.5 (2.1) | 59.3 (2.8) | 0.41 | 0.62 |
HOMA-B, % | 111.9 (2.3) | 103.7 (2.9)§ | 99.5 (4.1)§ | 97.3 (3.6)‡ | 0.008 | 0.14 | 124.5 (3.5) | 121.8 (4.6) | 0.16 | 0.37 |
HDL, mmol/l | 1.17 (0.02) | 1.20(0.02) | 1.30(0.03)‡ | 1.36(0.02)‡ | < 0.0001 | 0.03 | 1.30 (0.02) | 1.33 (0.03) | 0.99 | 0.88 |
LDL, mmol/l | 3.12 (0.04) | 3.05 (0.05) | 3.05 (0.08) | 2.92 (0.07)§ | 0.02 | 0.17 | 3.24 (0.07) | 3.30 (0.10) | 0.17 | 0.49 |
Triglyceride, mmol/l | 1.15 (0.03) | 1.17 (0.04) | 1.09 (0.06) | 1.05 (0.05) | 0.22 | 0.64 | 1.26 (0.05) | 1.18 (0.07) | 0.77 | 0.65 |
CRP, mg/l | 0.76 (0.04) | 0.71 (0.05) | 0.70 (0.07) | 0.66 (0.06) | 0.55 | 0.80 | 0.69 (0.05) | 0.61 (0.06) | 0.17 | 0.14 |
IL-6, pg/ml | 1.09 (0.04) | 0.97 (0.05) | 1.16 (0.08) | 1.05 (0.07) | 0.43 | 0.50 | 1.02 (0.06) | 0.95 (0.07) | 0.46 | 0.58 |
Ferritin, μg/ml | 152.5 (4.6) | 156.7 (5.9) | 165.9 (9.3) | 170.9 (8.3)§ | 0.002 | 0.25 | 106.9 (4.5) | 107.5 (6.1) | 0.53 | 0.61 |
RBP4, ng/ml | 40.4 (0.6) | 44.1 (0.7)‡ | 44.4 (1.1)‡ | 46.4 (0.9)‡ | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 39.0 (0.8) | 41.5 (1.1)‡ | 0.005 | 0.01 |
Adiponectin, μg/ml | 12.2 (0.5) | 12.4 (0.6) | 12.4 (0.9) | 11.5 (0.7) | 0.28 | 0.63 | 13.2 (0.7) | 13.7 (1.0) | 0.48 | 0.66 |
PAI-1, ng/ml | 2.73 (0.42) | 4.20 (0.81) | 1.77 (0.51) | 4.67 (1.16) | 0.32 | 0.54 | 5.39 (1.16) | 6.26 (1.86) | 0.17 | 0.06 |