Skip to main content
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Factors associated with HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Henan Province, China: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background

HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) has increased rapidly in China. Behavioral and biological interventions are key to controlling the spread of HIV in the MSM population and the primary strategy for reducing the spread of AIDS in China. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of HIV among MSM in Henan province and to assess their knowledge levels and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS.

Method

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 388 MSM in 2010 in Zhengzhou City, Henan province, China.

Results

Of the 388 respondents, 13.1% were infected with HIV and 10.3% were infected with syphilis. The results of multivariate analysis showed that participants who had a history of being infected by syphilis were more than 4 times more likely to be HIV positive (AOR=4.91; 95% CI: 1.70 to 12.02). For those who were residents from other provinces, the risk of HIV infection was 5.53 times higher (OR=5.53, 95% CI: 1.14, 6.25). Receipt of condoms (AOR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.87), consistent condom use during last intercourse with a male (AOR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.87), and consistent condom use during last intercourse with a female (AOR=0.16; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.90) were associated with a lower risk of HIV infection.

Conclusion

The study suggests that some intervention strategies, including education intervention, condom promotion and distribution, and HIV counseling and testing are necessary to control HIV infection among MSM.

Peer Review reports

Background

Although some HIV prevention interventions have been conducted in the past two decades, China has still entered a critical stage of rapid and widespread increase of the HIV/AIDS epidemic [1, 2]. By 2007 the major groups infected with HIV were injection drug users (IDUs; 38.5%), former blood donors (FPDs; 19.3%) and promiscuous heterosexuals (17.8%) [3]. In 2009, sexual transmission, including both heterosexual and homosexual transmission, has become the dominant route of HIV infection, accounting for more than 70% of the estimated new infections in China [4]. Of particular concern is the increasing HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM). The percentages of newly reported HIV cases attributable to MSM in China were 0.2% in 2001, 7.3% in 2005, 12.2% in 2007, and 32.5% in 2009 [5].

MSM are disproportionately affected by the HIV pandemic due to social and behavioral factors that increase their vulnerability to HIV infection. Evidence from studies show that MSM are at a high risk for HIV infection in China also because of their high number of different sexual partners and active sexual activities without protection [5]. The traditional Chinese culture does not openly endorse MSM behaviors, and there is strong social pressure against such behavior [6]. Under social pressure, many MSM marry in order to hide their sexual orientation. Therefore, MSM may play a bridging role in the spread of HIV and other STDS from a high-risk population, such as their male sexual partners, to the general population, such as their wives [710].

Additionally, high migration rates has been associated with higher risk for HIV infection in MSM [11]. Massive internal migration from rural areas to urban cities, especially large sized and medium-sized cities, resulted in MSM being more socially connected [12, 13]. Zhengzhou, located in the center of China, is an important transportation hub. There are 223 million in the floating population in 2010. It has been broadly reported in rural regions of China that most MSM had sex with casual sexual partners and never used a condom [14]. Therefore, health interventions to reduce high-risk behavior are key to controlling the spread of HIV in the floating population.

The purpose of the study was to identify factors associated with HIV infection among MSM in China, in order to make primary strategies to control the HIV spread in MSM population.

Methods

Respondents and procedures

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Zhengzhou city, Henan Province, China, from May to June, 2010. Respondents were recruited through internet advertisement two weeks prior to the study, whereby they met with the trained researcher at various venues including gay bars, gay saunas, and parks where MSM meet one another. The respondents underwent a face-to-face explanation to a standardized questionnaire (Additional file 1), which was initially drafted based on the contents formulated by relevant previous studies [15, 16]. All interviews were self-administered in a private room in the Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) of Zhengzhou.

The questionnaire was divided into two parts. The first part included socioeconomic characteristics, such as age, marital status, and education, and the second part was about knowledge, service utilization and sexual-related behaviors. HIV/AIDS-related knowledge was measured with an 8-item set of questions covering the basic characteristics of the disease, routes of viral transmission and measures of prevention. Service utilization was measured with four items. Each item was attached to a two-point response scale: “yes” or “no”. Respondents were asked whether they had ever received Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) services and whether they had utilized various types of HIV-related services in the past 12 months. Sexual behavior was measured with nine items. Respondents were asked if they had used a condom in the past 6 months and the frequency of use when they had sex with a male or female or when they had commercial sex with a male partner. Condom use in the past six months was attached to a two-point response scale: “yes” or “no”. The frequency of condom use was attached to a three-point response scale with scores that ranged from “1” for “always” to “3” for “seldom”.

Before formal investigation, the interviewers had been trained together to make them understand the purpose and meaning of the investigation and to be familiarized with the contents of the questionnaire. They were also trained to explain any question in the questionnaire on the spot. A verbal informed consent was obtained from each respondent before the survey. Participation in the study was completely voluntary and the respondents had the option of declining to answer specific questions or of leaving the entire questionnaire blank if they did not wish to participate. After completion of the questionnaires, specially trained personnel inspected the questionnaires, identified the questionnaires that were filled out with non-standard and ambiguous answers and found investigators and respondents for timely verification. All participants provided blood specimens, which were tested for both HIV and syphilis antibodies. HIV antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Beijing Wantai Biologic Medicine Co., China). Reactive ELISA specimens were confirmed by a HIV-1/2 Western Blot immune assay (HIV Blot 2.2 WB; Genelabs Diagnostics, Singapore). Samples testing positive in both tests were considered HIV-positive. Syphilis antibodies were detected by ELISA (Beijing Jinhao Biologic Production Co., China). Collected specimens were tested by the Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Zhengzhou. An incentive of 100 Yuan (equivalent to about 15 USD) was given to respondents as compensation for the time spent being interviewed. The study protocol was approved by the bioethics advisory commission of the China Medical University.

Data analysis

Data were double entered and evaluated for congruency using the EpiData software (version 6.4; EpiData Association; Odense, Denmark). Descriptive analyses were conducted to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, sexual behaviors and condom use, HIV/AIDS knowledge and social service utilization, prevalence of HIV and syphilis, and the risk factors for HIV infection. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed using the SPSS software (Version 16.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) to identify factors associated with HIV infection. Variables with a p-value < 0.10 at univariate results were considered eligible for the multivariate analysis. A backward procedure based on the Wald test was used to select significant variables in the multivariate model. The significance level was fixed at α=0.05.

Results

Socioeconomic characteristics

A total of 404 MSM were surveyed for the study. In total, 388 MSM completed the questionnaire (response rate: 96.0%). The ages of respondents ranged from 18 to 73, with a mean age of 31.7 years. 298 (76.8%) of respondents were local residents of the study site, 23.2% lived in a different province. The majority (81.4%) belongs to the Han ethnic group. 49.2% of the respondents self-identified as bisexual. 44.6% of respondents were single, 46.6% were married, and 8.8% were divorced or widowed. The age-specific prevalence of marital status was as follows: less than 30 years old (17.4%), more than 30 years old (71.4%), and more than 40 years old (80.6%). 67.0% lived in Zhengzhou for more than 1 year, 13.9% for 3 months to 1 year, and 19.1% for less than 3 months. (0.5%) participants in our study used illicit drugs in the past 6 months.

Sexual behaviors and condom use

Among the respondents, most (88.1%) reported having anal sex with a man in the past 6 months, and 33.6% reported never having used condoms in their last intercourse with a male partner. 17.8% reported having never used a condom during anal sex with a man in the previous 6 months. 49.2% reported having had sex with a woman in the past 6 months, and 30.4% of these reported never always using a condom. Additionally, 8.5% reported having paid sex with a man in the past 6 months, and 48.5% of these reported always having used a condom (Table 1).

Table 1 Sexual behaviors of MSM in Zhengzhou in 2010

HIV/AIDS knowledge and social service utilization

The majority (75.5%) of the respondents answered at least 6 of the 8 HIV-related questions correctly. A total of 90.5%, 90.5% and 85.3% of the subjects were aware that HIV was transmitted by “transfusions tainted with HIV”, “sharing intravenous needles” and “from mother to child”, respectively. The proportion of subjects who correctly selected non-transmission routes was low; e.g. “mosquitoes or other insects” (62.1%). 42.8% of the subjects were aware that a person with HIV can look as healthy as other people (Table 2). About half of the respondents received free condoms (61.6%) and peer education (53.9%), and one-third (30.4%) had received examinations for HIV in the past 12 months (Table 3).

Table 2 The HIV/AIDS related knowledge of MSM populations
Table 3 Factors associated with HIV infection among MSM in Zhengzhou

Factors associated with HIV infection

Of all the respondents, 13.1% (51) were infected with HIV and 10.3% (40) were infected with syphilis. The following factors were associated with higher risk of HIV infection by univariate analysis: being a nonlocal resident, lower levels of education, and syphilis infection. Receipt of condoms and consistent condom use in the last intercourse with either a male or female reduced the risk of HIV infection. Results of multivariate analysis showed that participants who had a history of being infected by syphilis were more than 4 times more likely to be HIV positive (AOR=4.91; 95% CI: 1.70 to 12.02). For those who were residents of other provinces in China, the risk of HIV infection was 5.53 times higher (OR=5.53, 95% CI: 1.14, 6.25). Receipt of condoms (AOR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.87), consistent condom use during last intercourse with a male (AOR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.87), and consistent condom use during last intercourse with a female (AOR=0.16; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.90) were associated with a lower risk of HIV infection. The results of univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis are shown in Table 3.

Discussion

In our study, 49.2% of the respondents self-identified as bisexual, about 46.6% of MSM respondents were married, and the prevalence of married MSM increased to 71.4% or greater among those MSM who were over 30 years old. In China, MSM are a hidden subgroup in mainstream society. Due to stigma, discrimination, denial and ignorance, it is a challenge to identify MSM. They may use marriage as a means to disguise their homosexual behaviors or sexual orientations. High-risk behaviors were common in this population. Only 66.4% of the respondents used a condom during their last sexual intercourse. Consistent condom use was low even with male sexual partners (35.4%). Moreover, the rate of consistent condom use with women was lower than with men. 49.2% of the respondents reported having had sex with women in the past 6 months, and 61.8% did not use a condom in their last sexual intercourse with a female. During sexual intercourse with a female in the past 6 months, most of the respondents sometimes used a condom, and 30.4% of the respondents had never used a condom. The high portion of men who have sex with both men and women could serve as a potential “bridge” for the spread of HIV and other STDs from the high-risk population to their female partners and to the general Chinese population.

Our study suggested that for respondents who were residents of other provinces, the risk of HIV infection was 5.53 times higher. Zhengzhou, the capital city of Henan province, is one of the major cities in middle China. Therefore, it has a much greater nonlocal population. It is difficult to get information to the nonlocal MSM population regarding social support. Our study found that the rates of HIV prevalence was higher than those reported in other districts in China [2, 14, 17, 18]. Therefore, more effective strategies need to be implemented to control the HIV spread in nonlocal populations.

Studies have suggested a positive association between condom use in male-to-male anal intercourse and access to HIV preventives actions [1926]. Our study also found that condom use in the last sexual intercourse were independently associated with HIV infection. In addition, we found accepting condoms significantly decreased the risk for HIV infection, which indicated that risky sexual behaviors associated with HIV infection could be constrained, in part, by increasing condom distributions. However, based on the results of our study, services utilization was still low in Zhengzhou. Only 30.4% of respondents reported having had an HIV test, and about 50% of respondents received condoms and peer education. Intervention programs for MSM, such as condom promotion and distribution and AIDS advisory and testing, and the distribution of materials on AIDS information need to be made more available and accessible to the MSM population.

Studies have demonstrated the connection between HIV and syphilis infections [2730]. Our data also indicated a possible correlation between HIV and syphilis infections. After controlling for other risk factors, respondents who had been infected with syphilis were 4 times more likely to be infected with HIV. The high prevalence of syphilis suggested that MSM in Zhengzhou are at a greater risk for HIV infection. Widespread screening for syphilis infections in this risk group should be considered as a measure for control.

Unlike some other countries where drug use was considered as a major risk for HIV spread in the MSM population, only 2 participants in our study used illicit drugs in the past 6 months. It seems that there is little overlap of between the two populations of drug users and MSM in Zhengzhou.

The study has a number of limitations. First, the questionnaire data relying on retrospective self-reports was subject to recall bias. The findings should be interpreted carefully when generalizing the larger MSM population or comparing results from other studies. Second, our study was conducted in a limited area in Zhengzhou, China. Further work that focuses on extending the research into the broader areas in China would be valuable.

Conclusion

Our study indicates that a tailored approach to HIV prevention among MSM in Henan province in China is urgently needed. Some intervention strategies such as education intervention, condom promotion and distribution, and HIV counseling and testing are necessary to control HIV infection among MSM.

References

  1. Xiao Y, Ding X, Li C, Liu J, Sun J, Jia Y: Prevalence and correlates of HIV and syphilis infections among men who have sex with men in Chongqing Municipality, China. Sex Transm Dis. 2009, 36: 647-656. 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181aac23d.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gao MY, Wang S: Participatory communication and HIV/AIDS prevention in a Chinese marginalized (MSM) population. AIDS Care. 2007, 19: 799-810. 10.1080/09540120601114832.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Feng Y, Wu Z, Detels R, Qin G, Liu L, Wang X, Wang J, Zhang L: HIV/STD prevalence among men who have sex with men in Chengdu, China and associated risk factors for HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010, 53 (Suppl 1): S74-80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. China Ministry of Health: The Chinese Health Minister: men who have sex with men have become high risk populations of HIV infection in China. 2009, Beijing: China Ministry of Health, Date of accessed: May 31, 2010. (http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2009-11/25/content_18948068.htm)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Guo Y, Li X, Stanton B: HIV-related behavioral studies of men who have sex with men in China: a systematic review and recommendations for future research. AIDS Behav. 2011, 15: 521-534. 10.1007/s10461-010-9808-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sun YH, Sun L, Wu HY, Zhang ZK, Wang B, Yu C, Cao HY: Loneliness, social support and family function of people living with HIV/AIDS in Anhui rural area, China. Int J STD AIDS. 2009, 20: 255-258. 10.1258/ijsa.2008.008348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Liu S, Wang K, Yao S, Guo X, Liu Y, Wang B: Knowledge and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS, and their association with information resource among men who have sex with men in Heilongjiang province, China. BMC Publ Health. 2010, 10: 250-260. 10.1186/1471-2458-10-250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Liu H, Yang H, Li X, Wang N, Liu H, Wang B, Zhang L, Wang Q, Stanton B: Men who have sex with men and human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted disease control in China. Sex Transm Dis. 2006, 33: 68-76. 10.1097/01.olq.0000187266.29927.11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ruan Y, Qian HZ, Li D, Shi W, Li Q, Liang H, Yang Y, Luo F, Vermund SH, Shao Y: Willingness to be circumcised for preventing HIV among Chinese men who have sex with men. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009, 23: 315-321. 10.1089/apc.2008.0199.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Li D, Jia Y, Ruan Y, Liu Y, Li Q, Liang H, Zhou Z, Luo F, Zhang X, Jiang S, Shi W, Xing H, Shao Y: Correlates of incident infections for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B virus in a cohort of men who have sex with men in Beijing. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2010, 24: 595-602. 10.1089/apc.2010.0083.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Mimiaga MJ, Thomas B, Mayer KH, Reisner SL, Menon S, Swaminathan S, Periyasamy M, Johnson CV, Safren SA: Alcohol use and HIV sexual risk among MSM in Chennai, India. Int J STD AIDS. 2011, 22: 121-125. 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009059.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Choi KH, Gibson DR, Han L, Guo Y: High levels of unprotected sex with men and women among men who have sex with men: A potential bridge of HIV transmission in Beijing, China. AIDS Educ Prev. 2004, 16: 19-30. 10.1521/aeap.16.1.19.27721.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hong Y, Li X: HIV/AIDS behavioral interventions in China: a literature review and recommendation for future research. AIDS Behav. 2009, 13: 603-613. 10.1007/s10461-008-9483-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gao L, Zhang L, Jin Q: Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China. Sex Transm Infect. 2009, 85: 354-358. 10.1136/sti.2008.034702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ruan S, Yang H, Zhu Y, Ma Y, Li J, Zhao J, McFarland W, Raymond HF: HIV prevalence and correlates of unprotected anal intercourse among men who have sex with men, Jinan, China. AIDS Behav. 2008, 12: 469-475. 10.1007/s10461-008-9361-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wong WC, Zhang J, Wu SC, Kong TS, Ling DC: The HIV related risks among men having sex with men in rural Yunnan, China: a qualitative study. Sex Transm Infect. 2006, 82: 127-130. 10.1136/sti.2005.016790.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Choi KH, Ning Z, Gregorich SE, Pan QC: The influence of social and sexual networks in the spread of HIV and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Shanghai, China. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007, 45: 77-84. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3180415dd7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Xiao Y, Sun J, Li C, Lu F, Allen KL, Vermund SH, Jia Y: Prevalence and correlates of HIV and syphilis infections among men who have sex with men in seven provinces in China with historically low HIV prevalence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010, 53 (Suppl): S66-73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bourne A, Dodds C, Weatherburn P, Keogh P: Perceptions of superinfection risk among gay men with diagnosed HIV who have unprotected anal intercourse. Int J STD AIDS. 2011, 22: 190-193. 10.1258/ijsa.2011.010116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kanter J, Koh C, Razali K, Tai R, Izenberg J, Rajan L, Van Griensven F, Kamarulzaman A: Risk behaviour and HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in a multiethnic society: a venue-based study in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Int J STD AIDS. 2011, 22: 30-37. 10.1258/ijsa.2010.010277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang D, Bi P, Lv F, Zhang J, Hiller JE: Differences between Internet and community samples of MSM: implications for behavioral surveillance among MSM in China. AIDS Care. 2008, 20: 1128-1137. 10.1080/09540120701842829.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Baral S, Burrell E, Scheibe A, Brown B, Beyrer C, Bekker LG: HIV risk and associations of HIV infection among men who have sex with men in peri-urban Cape Town. South Africa. BMC Publ Health. 2011, 11: 766-10.1186/1471-2458-11-766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Saxton PJ, Dickson NP, Griffiths R, Hughes AJ, Rowden J: Actual and undiagnosed HIV prevalence in a community sample of men who have sex with men in Auckland. New Zealand. BMC Publ Health. 2012, 12: 92-10.1186/1471-2458-12-92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Fay H, Baral SD, Trapence G, Motimedi F, Umar E, Iipinge S, Dausab F, Wirtz A, Beyrer C: HIV prevalence, risks for HIV infection, and human rights among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e4997-10.1371/journal.pone.0004997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lau JT, Wang M, Tse YK, Gu J, Tsui HY, Zhang Y, Wang N, Cheng F: HIV-related behaviors among men who have sex with men in China: 2005–2006. AIDS Educ Prev. 2009, 21: 325-339. 10.1521/aeap.2009.21.4.325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Begley K, Chan DJ, Jeganathan S, Batterham M, Smith DE: Factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse between HIV-positive men and regular male partners in a Sydney cohort. Int J ST. 2009, 20: 704-707.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Botros BA, Aliyev QM, Saad MD, Michael AA, Sanchez JL, Carr JK, Earhart KC: HIV infection and associated risk factors among long-distance truck drivers travelling through Azerbaijan. Int J STD AIDS. 2009, 20: 477-482. 10.1258/ijsa.2008.008396.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chan PA, Khan OA: Risk factors for HIV infection in males who have sex with males (MSM) in Bangladesh. BMC Publ Health. 2007, 7: 153-10.1186/1471-2458-7-153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Damacena GN, Szwarcwald CL, de Souza Júnior PR, Dourado I: Risk factors associated with HIV prevalence among female sex workers in 10 Brazilian cities. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011, 57 (Suppl 3): S144-152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Koss CA, Dunne EF, Warner L: A systematic review of epidemiologic studies assessing condom use and risk of syphilis. Sex Transm Dis. 2009, 36: 401-405. 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181a396eb.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

Download references

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number 81273186 and 71103200).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bo Qu.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

LJ drafted the manuscript, participated in the collection of data, participated in the design of the study, and performed the statistical analysis. QB designed the study, participated in project coordination, and helped to draft the manuscript. MCE participated in the draft of the manuscript. ZY participated in the collection of data and performed the statistical analysis. LSJ participated in the collection of data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Electronic supplementary material

12889_2012_5271_MOESM1_ESM.doc

Additional file 1: MSM Questionnaire. The MSM questionnaire included questions on socio-demographic characteristics, HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, service utilization and behaviors among MSM in Zhengzhou City. (DOC 55 KB)

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Liu, J., Qu, B., C, E.M. et al. Factors associated with HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Henan Province, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 13, 356 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-356

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-356

Keywords